- [English]
- X-Ray Imaging of Solid-State Sintering and Laser Powder Bed Fusion: A Review of Process Monitoring and Defect Evolution
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Wonjun Cho, Woobin Cho, Seongheon Park, Donghwan Son, Insung Han
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Received December 5, 2025 Accepted March 17, 2026 Published online April 3, 2026
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.4150/jpm.2025.00479
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 Abstract
- X-ray imaging has become essential for understanding powder-based metal processing. In solid-state sintering, synchrotron tomography reveals particle rearrangement, neck growth, and pore evolution, clarifying how packing heterogeneity and particle-size distribution govern densification. In laser powder bed fusion, high-speed radiography captures microsecond-scale melt-pool behavior, including keyhole dynamics, vapor-jet entrainment, spatter formation, and bubble-mediated porosity, thereby enabling mechanistic links between processing conditions and defect generation. Nonetheless, current X-ray methods face trade-offs between spatial and temporal resolution and often remain qualitative. Integrating operando imaging with physics-based simulations and machine-learning models offers a path toward quantitative prediction and real-time control. This review summarizes recent progress and highlights key challenges and opportunities for advancing operando characterization of powder-based metal processes.
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KPMI
