Journal of Powder Materials

Volume 20(4); August 2013

Manufacturing and Macroscopic Properties of Cold Sprayed Cu-Ga Coating Material for Sputtering Target: Young-Min Jin, Min-Gwang Jeon, Dong-Yong Park, Hyung-Jun Kim, Ik-Hyun Oh, Kee-Ahn Lee; J Powder Mater. 2013;20(4):245-252.; DOI: https://doi.org/10.4150/KPMI.2013.20.4.245

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This study attempted to manufacture a Cu-Ga coating layer via the cold spray process and to investigate the applicability of the layer as a sputtering target material. In addition, changes made to the microstructure and properties of the layer due to annealing heat treatment were evaluated, compared, and analyzed. The results showed that coating layers with a thickness of 520 mm could be manufactured via the cold spray process under optimal conditions. With the Cu-Ga coating layer, the alpha-Cu and Cu_3Ga were found to exist inside the layer regardless of annealing heat treatment. The microstructure that was minute and inhomogeneous prior to thermal treatment changed to homogeneous and dense with a more clear division of phases. A sputtering test was actually conducted using the sputtering target Cu-Ga coating layer (~2 mm thickness) that was additionally manufactured via the cold-spray coating process. Consequently, this test result confirmed that the cold sprayed Cu-Ga coating layer may be applied as a sputtering target material.

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Microscopic Examination of Cold Spray Cermet Sn+In2O3Coatings for Sputtering Target Materials
M. Winnicki, A. Baszczuk, M. Rutkowska-Gorczyca, M. Jasiorski, A. Małachowska, W. Posadowski, Z. Znamirowski, A. Ambroziak
Scanning.2017; 2017: 1. CrossRef
Effect of powder alloy composition on the microstructure and properties of kinetic sprayed Cu-Ga based coating materials
Byung-Chul Choi, Dong-Yong Park, Kee-Ahn Lee
Metals and Materials International.2016; 22(4): 649. CrossRef
Manufacturing and Properties of CGI-based Composite Coating Layer Utilizing a Warm Spray Process and Cu-Ga and Cu-In Mixed Powders
Min-Gwang Jeon, Myeong-Ju Lee, Hyeong-Jun Kim, Kee-Ahn Lee
Journal of Korean Powder Metallurgy Institute.2014; 21(3): 229. CrossRef
Manufacturing of Cu Repair Coating Material Using the Kinetic Spray Process and Changes in the Microstructures and Properties by Heat Treatment
Min-Gwang Jeon, Hyung-Jun Kim, Kee-Ahn Lee
Journal of Korean Powder Metallurgy Institute.2014; 21(5): 349. CrossRef

Freeze Drying for Porous Mo with Sublimable Vehicles of Eutectic System: Gyu-Tae Lee, Han Gil Seo, Myung-Jin Suk, Sung-Tag Oh; J Powder Mater. 2013;20(4):253-257.; DOI: https://doi.org/10.4150/KPMI.2013.20.4.253

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Freeze drying for porous Mo was accomplished by using MoO_3 powder as the source and camphor-naphthalene eutectic system as the sublimable material. Eutectic composition of camphor-naphthalene slurries with the initial MoO_3 content of 5 vol%, prepared by milling at 55°C with a small amount of oligomeric dispersant, was frozen at -25°C. The addition of dispersant showed improvement of dispersion stability in slurries. Pores were generated subsequently by sublimation of the camphor-naphthalene during drying in air for 48 h. To convert the MoO_3 to metallic Mo, the green body was hydrogen-reduced at 750°C, and sintered at 1100°C for 2 h. The sintered samples, frozen by heated Teflon cylinder, showed large pores with the size of about 40 µm which were aligned parallel to the sublimable vehicles growth direction. The formation of unidirectionally aligned pores is explained by the rejection and accumulation of solid particles in the serrated solid-liquid interface.

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Interaction of Solid Particles with the Solidifying Front in the Liquid-Particle Mixture
Ho-Suk Lee, Kyu-Hee Lee, Sung-Tag Oh, Young Do Kim, Myung-Jin Suk
Journal of Korean Powder Metallurgy Institute.2018; 25(4): 336. CrossRef
Freeze drying for porous Mo with different sublimable vehicle compositions in the camphor-naphthalene system
Sung-Tag Oh, Young Do Kim, Myung-Jin Suk
Materials Letters.2015; 139: 268. CrossRef

Structural Modification of Carbon Nanotubes during Ball-milling: Hye Rim Nam, Jung-Ho Ahn; J Powder Mater. 2013;20(4):258-263.; DOI: https://doi.org/10.4150/KPMI.2013.20.4.258

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We examined various ball-milling parameters which affect the structural and morphological modification of multi-wall carbon nanotubes. In particular, the effect of milling mode and the use of different milling agents were examined. Friction milling mode induced more structural changes than impact milling mode except the use of dry ice as a milling agent. Wet milling was helpful for reducing more effectively the agglomeration of nanotubes than dry milling. The use of hard solid particles such as silica and alumina as milling agents resulted in an effective shortening of nanotubes, but often susceptible to the amorphization and the destruction of crystallinity.

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Development of a Hydrogen Uptake-Release Mg-Based Alloy by Adding a Polymer CMC (Carboxymethylcellulose, Sodium Salt) via Reaction-Accompanying Milling
Young Jun Kwak, Eunho Choi, Myoung Youp Song
Metals and Materials International.2018; 24(5): 1181. CrossRef
Expansion of Multi-wall Carbon Nanotubes and its Lithium Storage Property
Jung-Ho Ahn, Jeong-Seok Ahn
Journal of Korean Powder Metallurgy Institute.2017; 24(4): 275. CrossRef

Characterization of Hot Isostatically Pressed Ni-Based Superalloy IN 713C: Youngmoo Kim, Eun-Pyo Kim, Seong-Taek Chunga, Seong Lee, Joon-Woong Noh, Sung Ho Lee, Young-Sam Kwon; J Powder Mater. 2013;20(4):264-268.; DOI: https://doi.org/10.4150/KPMI.2013.20.4.264

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Nickel-based superalloy IN 713C powders have been consolidated by hot isostatic pressing (HIPing). The microstructure and mechanical properties of the superalloys were investigated at the HIPing temperature ranging from 1030°C to 1230°C. When the IN 713C powder was heated above gammaprime solvus temperature (about 1180°C), the microstructure was composed of the austenitic FCC matrix phase gamma plus a variety of secondary phases, such as gammaprime precipitates in gamma matrix and MC carbides at grain boundaries. The yield and tensile strengths of HIPed specimens at room temperature were decreased while the elongation and reduction of area were increased as the processing temperature increased. At 700°C, the strength was similar regardless of HIPing temperature; however, the ductility was drastically increased with increasing the temperature. It is considered that these properties compared to those of cast products are originated from the homogeneity of microstructure obtained from a PM process.

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Sintering and Microstructures of SUS 316L Powder Produced by 3D Printing Process
W.J. Kim, H.-H. Nguyen, H.Y. Kim, M.-T. Nguyen, H.S. Park, J.-C. Kim
Archives of Metallurgy and Materials.2017; 62(2): 1215. CrossRef

Dispersion Behaviors of Y₂O₃ Particles Into Aisi 316L Stainless Steel by Using Laser Cladding Technology: Eun-Kwang Park, Sung-Mo Hong, Jin-Ju Park, Min-Ku Lee, Chang-Kyu Rhee, Kyeong-Won Seol, Yang-Kyu Lee; J Powder Mater. 2013;20(4):269-274.; DOI: https://doi.org/10.4150/KPMI.2013.20.4.269

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The present work investigated the dispersion behavior of Y_2O_3 particles into AISI 316L SS manufactured using laser cladding technology. The starting particles were produced by high energy ball milling in 10 min for prealloying, which has a trapping effect and homogeneous dispersion of Y_2O_3 particles, followed by laser cladding using CO_2 laser source. The phase and crystal structures of the cladded alloys were examined by XRD, and the cross section was characterized using SEM. The detailed microstructure was also studied through FE-TEM. The results clearly indicated that as the amount of Y_2O_3 increased, micro-sized defects consisted of coarse Y_2O_3 were increased. It was also revealed that homogeneously distributed spherical precipitates were amorphous silicon oxides containing yttrium. This study represents much to a new technology for the manufacture and maintenance of ODS alloys.

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Flexible Post-Process Machining of the Directed Energy Deposition (DED) Printed Part through the On-Machine Measurement
Hoon-Hee Lee, Min-Suk Park, Dong-Mok Lee, Seung-Han Yang
Journal of the Korean Society for Precision Engineering.2020; 37(12): 881. CrossRef
Microstructure and Room Temperature Wear Properties of a Ni-Cr-B-Si-C Coating Layer Manufactured by the Laser Cladding Process
Tae-Hoon Kang, Kyu-Sik Kim, Soon-Hong Park, Kee-Ahn Lee
Korean Journal of Metals and Materials.2018; 56(6): 423. CrossRef
Manufacturing of Ni-Cr-B-Si + WC/12Co Composite Coating Layer Using Laser Cladding Process and its Mechanical Properties
Gi-Su Ham, Chul-O Kim, Soon-Hong Park, Kee-Ahn Lee
Journal of Korean Powder Metallurgy Institute.2017; 24(5): 370. CrossRef

An Investigation of the Stability of Y₂O₃ and Sintering Behavior of Fe-Based ODS Particles Prepared by High Energy Ball Milling: Eun-Kwang Park, Sung-Mo Hong, Jin-Ju Park, Min-Ku Lee, Chang-Kyu Rhee, Kyeong-Won Seol; J Powder Mater. 2013;20(4):275-279.; DOI: https://doi.org/10.4150/KPMI.2013.20.4.275

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Fe-based oxide dispersion strengthened (ODS) powders were produced by high energy ball milling, followed by spark plasma sintering (SPS) for consolidation. The mixed powders of 84Fe-14Cr-2Y_2O_3 (wt%) were mechanically milled for 10 and 90 mins, and then consolidated at different temperatures (900sim1100°C). Mechanically-Alloyed (MAed) particles were examined by means of cross-sectional images using scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Both mechanical alloying and sintering behavior was investigated by X-ray diffraction (XRD) and high resolution transmission electron microscopy (HR-TEM). To confirm the thermal behavior of Y_2O_3, a replica method was applied after the SPS process. From the SEM observation, MAed powders milled for 10 min showed a lamella structure consisting of rich regions of Fe and Cr, while both regions were fully alloyed after 90 min. The results of sintering behavior clearly indicate that as the SPS temperature increased, micro-sized defects decreased and the density of consolidated ODS alloys increased. TEM images revealed that precipitates smaller than 50 nm consisted of YCrO_3.

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Effect of Y2O3 on Mechanical and Corrosion Properties of Fe and Fe-Ni Alloys Prepared by Mechanical Alloying Followed by Spark Plasma Sintering
Arpan Arora, Atul Kumar, Suhrit Mula
Journal of Materials Engineering and Performance.2021; 30(2): 1387. CrossRef
Synthesis and Microstructure of Fe-Base Superalloy Powders with Y-Oxide Dispersion by High Energy Ball Milling
다미 임, 종관 박, 승탁 오
Korean Journal of Materials Research.2015; 25(8): 386~390. CrossRef

Obtaining Mechanical Properties of Fe Powder Using a Combined Nanoindentation and the Finite Element Method: Hyeok Jae Jeong, Dong Jun Lee, Eun Yoo Yoon, Eon Sik Lee, Nack Joon Kim, Hyeong Seop Kim; J Powder Mater. 2013;20(4):280-284.; DOI: https://doi.org/10.4150/KPMI.2013.20.4.280

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Abstract PDF: Stress-strain curves are fundamental properties to study characteristics of materials. Flow stress curves of the powder materials are obtained by indirect testing methods, such as tensile test with the bulk materials and powder compaction test, because it is hard to measure the stress-strain curves of the powder materials using conventional uniaxial tensile test due to the limitation of the size and shape of the specimen. Instrumented nanoindentation can measure mechanical properties of very small region from several nanometers to several micrometers, so nanoindentation technique is suitable to obtain the stress-strain curve of the powder materials. In this study, a novel technique to obtain the stress-strain curves using the combination of instrumented nanoindentation and finite element method was introduced and the flow stress curves of Fe powder were measured. Then obtained stress-strain curves were verified by the comparison of the experimental results and the FEA results for powder compaction test.

Machinability Evaluation of Hybrid Ti₂ Ceramic Composites with Conductivity in Micro Electrical Discharge Drilling Operation: Jae-Young Heo, Young-Keun Jeong, Myung-Chang Kang, Ahmed Busnaina; J Powder Mater. 2013;20(4):285-290.; DOI: https://doi.org/10.4150/KPMI.2013.20.4.285

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Ti_2AlN composites are a laminated compounds that posses unique combination of typical ceramic properties and typical metallic(Ti alloy) properties. In this paper, the powder synthesis, SPS sintering, composite characteristics and machinability evaluation were systematically conducted. The random orientation characteristics and good crystallization of the Ti_2AlN phase are observed. The electrical and thermal conductivity of Ti_2AlN is higher than that of Ti6242 alloy. A machining test was carried out to compare the effect of material properties on micro electrical discharge drilling for Ti_2AlN composite and Ti6242 alloy. Also, mixture table as a kind of tables of orthogonal arrays was used to know how parameter is main effective at experimental design. Consequently, hybrid Ti_2AlN ceramic composites showed good machining time and electrode wear shape under micro ED-drilling process. This conclusion proves the feasibility in the industrial applications.

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Comparative Study on Ablation Characteristics of Ti-6Al-4V Alloy and Ti₂AlN Bulks Irradiated by Femto-second Laser
Ki Ha Hwang, Hua Feng Wu, Won Suk Choi, Sung Hak Cho, Myungchang Kang
Journal of the Korean Society of Manufacturing Process Engineers.2019; 18(7): 90. CrossRef
Analysis Of Drilling Of A Metal Plate With Pilot Hole
K.S. Kim
Archives of Metallurgy and Materials.2015; 60(2): 1307. CrossRef

Fabrication and Characteristic Evaluation of Hybrid Carbon Nanotubes Reinforced SKD11 Cold Work Tool Steel: Sung-Sil Jung, Je-Se Moon, Dae-Yeol Lee, Kuk-Tae Youn, Chun-Dal Park, Jae-Sun Song; J Powder Mater. 2013;20(4):291-296.; DOI: https://doi.org/10.4150/KPMI.2013.20.4.291

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SKD11 (ASTM D2) tool steel is a versatile high-carbon, high-chromium, air-hardening tool steel that is characterized by a relatively high attainable hardness and numerous, large, chromium rich alloy carbide in the microstructure. SKD11 tool steel provides an effective combination of wear resistance and toughness, tool performance, price, and a wide variety of product forms. The CNTs was good additives to improve the mechanical properties of metal. In this study, 1, 3 vol% CNTs was dispersed in SKD11 matrix by mechanical alloying. The SKD11+ CNT hybrid nanocomposites were investigated by FE-SEM, particle size distribution, hardness and wear resistance. The CNT was well dispersed in the SKD11 matrix and the mechanical properties of the composite were improved by CNTs addition. It shows good feasibility as cold work die tool.

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Powder Sintering Characteristics of Carbon Nanotubes Reinforced SKD11 Tool Steel Sintered by Spark Plasma Sintering
Je-Se Moon, Sung-Sil Jung, Dae-Yeol Lee, Young-Keun Jeong, Myung Chang Kang, Chun-Dal Park, Kook-Tae Youn
Journal of Korean Powder Metallurgy Institute.2015; 22(3): 157. CrossRef

Comparison of Machinability Between PCD Tool and SCD Tool for Large Area Mirror Surface Machining Using Multi-tool by Planer: Chang-Eui Kim, Hwan-Jin Choi, Eun-Chae Jeon, Tae-Jin Je, Myung-Chang Kang; J Powder Mater. 2013;20(4):297-301.; DOI: https://doi.org/10.4150/KPMI.2013.20.4.297

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Mirror surface machining for large area flattening in the display field has a problem such as a tool wear and a increase in machining time due to large area machining. It should be studied to decrease machining time and tool wear. In this paper, multi-tool machining method using a PCD tool and a SCD tool was applied in order to decrease machining time and tool wear. Machining characteristics (cutting force, machined surface and surface roughness) of PCD tool and SCD tool were evaluated in order to apply PCD tool to flattening machining. Based on basic experiments, the PCD/SCD multi-tool method and the SCD single-tool method were compared through surface roughness and machining time for appllying large area mold machining.

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Machining Characteristics of Micro Structure using Single-Crystal Diamond Tool on Cu-plated Mold
Chang-Eui Kim, Eun-chae Jeon, Tae-Jin Je, Myung Chang Kang
Journal of Korean Powder Metallurgy Institute.2015; 22(3): 169. CrossRef
Analysis Of Drilling Of A Metal Plate With Pilot Hole
K.S. Kim
Archives of Metallurgy and Materials.2015; 60(2): 1307. CrossRef

Effects of Welding Conditions and Material Arrangement on Tensile Properties of Friction Stir Lap Welded of Dissimilar Al Alloy, A5J32/A5052: Tae-Jin Yoon, Myung-Chang Kang, Chung-Yun Kang; J Powder Mater. 2013;20(4):302-307.; DOI: https://doi.org/10.4150/KPMI.2013.20.4.302

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A5J32-T4 and A5052-H32 dissimilar aluminum alloy plates with thickness of 1.6 and 1.5 mm were welded by friction stir lap welding (FSLW). The FSLW were studied using different probe length tool and various welding conditions which is rotation speed of 1000, 1500 rpm and welding speed of 100 to 600 mm/min and material arrangement, respectively. The effects of plunge depth of tool and welding conditions on tensile properties and weld nugget formation. The results showed that three type nugget shapes such as hooking, void, sound have been observed with revolutionary pitch. This plunge depth and material arrangement were found to effect on the void and hooking formation, which in turn significantly influenced the mechanical properties. The maximum joint efficiency of the FSLWed plates was about 90% compared to base metal, A5052-H32 when the A5052-H32 was positioned upper plate and plunge depth was positioned at near interface between upper and lower plates.

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Effects of Rotation Speed on Microstructure and Mechanical Properties in Ti/Cu Dissimilar Friction Stir Welding
Yong-Jae Lee, Won-Ki Jung, Se-Eun Shin, Dong-Geun Lee
Korean Journal of Metals and Materials.2021; 59(12): 886. CrossRef
Investigation for Microstructure and Hardness of Welded Zone of Cu-Ni Alloy using W92-Ni-Fe Sintering Tool
Tae-Jin Yoon, Sang-Won Park, Myung-Chang Kang, Joong-Suk Noh, Sung-Wook Chung, Chung-Yun Kang
Journal of Korean Powder Metallurgy Institute.2015; 22(3): 181. CrossRef

Development of Vibration Assisted Hybrid Femtosecond Laser Ultra-precision Machining System and Cu-Zn alloy Application: Won-Suk Choi, Ji-Wook Yoon, Sung-Hak Cho, Myung-Chang Kang; J Powder Mater. 2013;20(4):308-312.; DOI: https://doi.org/10.4150/KPMI.2013.20.4.308

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Abstract PDF: In this paper, we describe experiment results using a vibration assisted hybrid femtosecond laser (lambda:795 nm) ultra-precision machining system. The hybrid system we have developed is possible that optical focal point of the femtosecond laser constantly and frequently within the range of PZT(piezoactuator) vibrator working distance. Using the hybrid system, We have experimented on brass and studied about differences of result of hole aspect ratio compare to general experiment setup of femtosecond laser system. Aspect ratio of a micro hole on brass is increased as 54% with 100 Hz vibration frequency and surface roughness of the side wall also improved compare to non-vibration.

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