In this study, an experiment is performed to recover the Li in Li₂CO₃ phase from the cathode active material NMC (LiNiCoMnO₂) in waste lithium ion batteries. Firstly, carbonation is performed to convert the LiNiO, LiCoO, and Li₂MnO₃ phases within the powder to Li₂CO₃ and NiO, CoO, and MnO. The carbonation for phase separation proceeds at a temperature range of 600°C~800°C in a CO₂ gas (300 cc/min) atmosphere. At 600~700°C, Li₂CO₃ and NiO, CoO, and MnO are not completely separated, while Li and other metallic compounds remain. At 800 °C, we can confirm that LiNiO, LiCoO, and Li₂MnO₃ phases are separated into Li₂CO₃ and NiO, CoO, and MnO phases. After completing the phase separation, by using the solubility difference of Li₂CO₃ and NiO, CoO, and MnO, we set the ratio of solution (distilled water) to powder after carbonation as 30:1. Subsequently, water leaching is carried out. Then, the Li₂CO₃ within the solution melts and concentrates, while NiO, MnO, and CoO phases remain after filtering. Thus, Li₂CO₃ can be recovered.

Citations

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• Metals Recovery from Spent Lithium-ion Batteries Cathode Via Hydrogen Reduction-water Leaching-carbothermic or Hydrogen Reduction Process
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  Mining, Metallurgy & Exploration.2024; 41(3): 1485.     CrossRef
• Influence of Flow-Gas Composition on Reaction Products of Thermally Treated NMC Battery Black Mass
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  Metals.2023; 13(5): 923.     CrossRef
• Holistic Investigation of the Inert Thermal Treatment of Industrially Shredded NMC 622 Lithium-Ion Batteries and Its Influence on Selective Lithium Recovery by Water Leaching
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  Metals.2023; 13(12): 2000.     CrossRef
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  Metals.2022; 12(7): 1108.     CrossRef
• Early-Stage Recovery of Lithium from Tailored Thermal Conditioned Black Mass Part I: Mobilizing Lithium via Supercritical CO2-Carbonation
  Lilian Schwich, Tom Schubert, Bernd Friedrich
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• Exploring a green route for recycling spent lithium-ion batteries: Revealing and solving deep screening problem
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Waste oyster shells create several serious problems; however, only some parts of them are being utilized currently. The ideal solution would be to convert the waste shells into a product that is both environmentally beneficial and economically viable. An experimental study is carried out to investigate the recycling possibilities for oyster shell waste. Bulk ceramic bodies are produced from the oyster shell powder in three sequential processes. First, the shell powder is calcined to form calcium oxide CaO, which is then slaked by a slaking reaction with water to produce calcium hydroxide Ca(OH)₂. Then, calcium hydroxide powder is formed by uniaxial pressing. Finally, the calcium hydroxide compact is reconverted to calcium carbonate via a carbonation reaction with carbon dioxide released from the shell powder bed during firing at 550°C. The bulk body obtained from waste oyster shells could be utilized as a marine structural porous material.