한국생산기술연구원 뿌리산업기술연구소 융합공정소재그룹
Advanced Materials and Processing R&D Group, Korea Institute of Industrial Technology, Incheon 406-840, Republic of Korea
© The Korean Powder Metallurgy Institute. All rights reserved.
Additive Manufacturing (AM) | n―a process of joining materials to make objects from 3D model data, usually layer upon layer, as opposed to subtractive manufacturing methodologies. |
Synonyms | additive fabrication, additive processes, additive techniques, additive layer manufacturing, layer manufacturing, and freeform fabrication. |
System | Definition | Commercial technology* |
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Binder jetting | AM process technology group that selectively injects liquid binder material into powder material | BJ, IPP, 3DP |
Directed energy deposition | AM process technology group in which materials are melted and additive by using high-density energy sources such as laser, electron beam, and plasma arc | EBDM, LENS, IFF, LPF, EBF3, SMD, DED |
Material extrusion | AM process technology group in which material is extruded through a nozzle or the like and additive at a selected position | FDM |
Material jetting | AM process technology group in which a additive material is sprayed in the form of droplets and additive at a selected position | MJ, IPP |
Powder bed fusion | AM process technology which selectively dissolves by using thermal energy in arranged powder material | SLS, SLM, EBM, DMLS, SHS |
Sheet lamination | AM process technology group that stacks sheet-shaped materials and commercializes them | LOM, UAM |
Vat photopolymerization | AM process technology group which selectively cures a liquid photopolymer in a container using a light source | SL, DLP |
Division | Hardening | Sintering | Melting-coagulation | Hydration reaction | Solid junction | ||||||||
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Polymer | VP | MJ | SL | PBF | ME | ||||||||
Metal | BJ | ME | PBF | PBF | DED | SL | |||||||
Ceramic | BJ | ME | SL | PBF | PBF | DED | ME | BJ | |||||
BJ Commercialization | Introduction of market | Laboratory level |
Division | Representative products and product types | ||
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Polymer and polymer composites | product | Photocurable polymer | UV polymer |
Thermoplastic polymer | PLA, ABS, HIPS, Nylon, PERR, PVA, TPE, TPC, PA | ||
Functional polymer | Rubber like polymer, multi-color agent, binder | ||
Polymer base composite material | Polymer-polymer, polymer-metal, polymer-ceramic composite materials | ||
type | Liquid, wire (filament), granular (powder, pellet) | ||
Metal and Metal composites | product | Metal powder | Ti and Ti alloys, Al alloys, Ni alloys, Fe alloys, precious metals, Cu alloys |
Metal wire | |||
Metal foil | |||
type | Powder, wire, sheet | ||
Ceramic and Ceramic composites | product | Structural ceramics | Al2O3, SiO2, ZrO2, WC, TiC, SiC, TiN |
Function Ceramic | BaTiO3, PZT, TCO, ZnO | ||
Bioceramic | HA, TCP, Bio-glass | ||
Ceramic base composite material | Ceramic-ceramic, ceramic-carbon, ceramic-metal composite materials, cement / concrete | ||
type | Powder, sheet, slurry |
Product Design | Pre-AM | AM | |
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Division | Different manufacturing methods from existing manufacturing techniques (bottom-up) | Product characteristics - Pre-processing technology optimized for manufacturing process | Real-time diagnostics on the production process - Feedback active control |
Summary | A series of development processes related to product development Structural analysis, functional analysis Optimization considering characteristics of AM manufacturing process | Technology linking design technology and lamination manufacturing technology File format that can be printed and CAM format optimization Development of specialized S / W by process technology and linkage of equipment | Minimize process uncertainty of simultaneous production of small batches. Real-time monitoring of key factors by process technology. Process diagnosis - Analysis - Generalization of feedback function |
Trends | Enhancement of topology optimization process (degree of design freedom) Active use of lattice structure (product characteristics, process profit) Computer simulation engineering design maximizing the effect of bottom-up technology, utilization of natural simulation and Big DATA | STL file utilization and correctability G-code control specific to the characteristics of extended equipment Part fill, minimum support automatically generated program for on-demand production Deformation prediction, process variable influence prediction simulation | Process monitoring using various sensors S / W process DB including key variables and necessary for process diagnosis feedback S / W and integrated equipment S / W and cloud environment control S / W |
Program | |||
Commercial program | Existing commercial CAD program Scanning-based reverse engineering Program Existing programs such as structural analysis, flow analysis, thermal analysis | Materialize Integrated S / W Autodesk Integrated S / W (Netfabb, Within, Delcam) Web based S / W (3D slash, Additive Industries, etc.) | Sigma Lab Sciaky EOS |
Division | PBF (powder) | DED (powder, wire) | BJ (powder) | SL (sheet) | |||||
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Metal equipment | Arcam | Sweden | Optomec | USA | ExOne | USA | Fabri-sonic | USA | |
ConceptLaser | Germany | Sciaky | USA | Digital Metals | Sweden | ||||
EOS | Germany | Trumpf | Germany | ||||||
ReaLizer | Germany | InssTek | Korea | ||||||
Renishaw | England | BeAM | France | ||||||
Sisma | Italy | DMG Mori Seiki | Germany | ||||||
SLM Solutions | Germany | RPM Innovations | USA | ||||||
3D Systems | USA | ||||||||
Matsuura | Japan | ||||||||
OPM Lab | Japan | ||||||||
Metal powder | [OEM] | [OEM] | [OEM] | [OEM] | |||||
Arcam | Sweden | ExOne | ExOne | USA | Fabri-sonic | USA | |||
ConceptLaser | Germany | ||||||||
EOS | Germany | ||||||||
ReaLizer | Germany | ||||||||
Renishaw | England | ||||||||
Sisma | Italy | ||||||||
SLM Solutions | Germany | ||||||||
3D Systems | USA | ||||||||
Matsuura | Japan | ||||||||
OPM Lab | Japan | ||||||||
[OBM] | |||||||||
[OBM] | [OBM] | Self-supply | |||||||
LPW | England | LPW | England | Hoeganaes | Sweden | ||||
Tekna | Canada | Praxair | USA | ||||||
SMT | China | Carpenter | USA | ||||||
AP&C | Canada | ATI | USA | ||||||
Osaka Titanium Technologies Japan | Tekna | Canada | |||||||
Hoeganaes | Sweden | SMT | China | ||||||
Additive Metal Alloys | USA | ||||||||
NanoSteels | USA |
Powder | Powder manufacturing process | AM process |
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Fe-C (graphite) | Tumbling mixing (0, 0.4, 0.8, 1.2, 1.6 wt.% C) | Selective laser sintering[19] |
WC-Co | Granulation (4, 10 wt.% Co) | Selective laser sintering |
Bronze infiltration[20] | ||
Invar 36 (Fe-Ni)-TiC | Blended powder (30, 60, 80 wt.% TiC) | Direct metal laser sintering[21] |
AA6061-Mg-Sn-Nylon | Blended powder (2 wt.% Mg, 1 wt.% Sn, 3 wt.% nylon) | Selective laser sintering |
AA6061 infiltration[22] | ||
Cu-Ti-C-Ni | Mixture (planetary ball milling) | Selective laser sintering |
In-situ carburization[22] | ||
Invar 36-TiC | Powder mixture (0, 6.6, 14.3, 22.1, 29.4, 52.1 vol.% TiC) | Direct laser deposition[23] |
Fe-Nylon | Filament (30, 40 vol.% Fe) | Fused deposition modeling[24] |
IN 625-TiC | Planetary ball mixing (5 wt.% TiC) | Laser metal deposition[25] |
IN 625-Al2O3 | ||
IN 625-SiC | Ball mixing (5 wt.% additives) | Laser powder bed fusion[22] |
IM 625-TiC | ||
AlSi10Mg-TiC | Ball mixing (5 wt.% TiC nanoparticle) | Selective laser melting[26] |
Fe-Ti-C | Ball mixing (24.9 wt.% Ti, 5.1 wt.% C) | Laser additive manufacturing |
(directed energy deposition)[22] |
Issues in Materials | Issues in Fabrication | Issues in Certification |
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Materials development Selectivity/AM-matched materials Cost-effectiveness Effects of material properties Reliability of materials Multi-functional materials |
Increasing building rate IncreHigher power/multi-lasers In-situ diagnostics & feedback Cost-effectiveness Changeover time reduction Enhanced precision Post-processing reduction |
AM part certification Industry accreditation Standard and specification Safety margins Characterizations/NDE included Linkage to conventional certif |
Classification | Detailed classification | Summary | Features |
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Powder | Sampling | A method of extracting a small sample from a mass- produced powder | Scoop sampling, Table sampling, Chute splitting, spin riffling, cone and quartering |
Chemical composition | Bulk chemical composition | Sampling of more than a predetermined amount of powder through a standardized procedure and analyzing the representative chemical composition of the powder | ASTM E539, E572, E2371, E2465, E2594, E2626, E1447, E2792, E1569, E1941, E1019, E1131 |
Surface analysis | Analysis of phases or adsorbates present on the surface of the powder | XPS AES FTIR etc. | |
Physical Characteristics | Particle size distribution | A representative value of the size and size distribution of the powder is selected according to the standardized procedure | Sieving, Laser scattering, Gravitational sedimentation, Microscopy, Electro-zone sensing |
morphology | The factor that defines the geometric properties of the powder is expressed as a numerical value | Elongation, sphericity, roundness, circularity | |
Pore | Quantify the pores present in the powder | Microscopy, micro-CT | |
Surface area | Measure the surface area of the powder | ASTM B92222-02 | |
Hall flow | Evaluate fluidity through the time it takes for 50 g powder to pass through a nozzle of 25.4 mm diameter | ASTM B213 | |
Flow rate | Carney flow | Evaluation of fluidity using Carney funnel diameter 50.8 mm | ASTM B964 |
Angle of repose | Evaluation of particle-to-particle friction and flow characteristics by analyzing the physical shape (angle) of the powder pile in static and dynamic states | ISO4324:1977 | |
Fill rate | Apparent density | Density is calculated by measuring the mass of the powder in the cup after sifting the powder into the density cup having a certain volume | ASTM B0212-99 |
Tap density | Filling the powder into the cylinder to measure volume to mass | ASTM B527-93 |
Division | Deformation behavior | Fracture behavior | ||
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Tension test, compression test, bearing test, modulus test, hardness test | Fatigue test, fracture toughness test, creep test | |||
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Properties | Stress-Strain Diagram Torque-Twist Diagram Yield Strength Yield Point Tensile Strength Rupture Strength Upper Yield Strength Lower Yield Strength Compressive Strength Bearing Strength Ductility Young’s Modulus Shear Modulus Poisson’s Ratio Tangent |
Modulus Secant Modulus Chord Modulus Brinell Hardness Number Rockwell Hardness Number Knoop Hardness Number Vickers Hardness Number Scleroscope Hardness Number Webster Hardness Indentation Hardness Indentation Modulus Elasto-plastic Hardness |
Number of Cycles to Failure Stress/Strain Ranges Strain Ratio Fatigue Crack Growth Rates as a Function of Stress- Intensity Factor Range (ΔK) Fatigue Life Tensile and Compressive Stresses as a Function of Number of Fatigue Cycles Representative Cycles of Mechanical Strain Versus |
Stress/Temperature Plane-Strain Fracture Toughness Fracture Toughness Plain-Strain Crack-Arrest Fracture Toughness Crack-Tip Opening displacement Absorbed Impact Energy Specimen Residual Strength Creep Crack Growth Rate Threshold Stress Intensity Factor Crack Resistance Curve |
Standard number | Standard name |
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ASTM F 2924-14 | Standard specification for additive manufacturing titanium-6aluminum-4vanadium with powder bed fusionc |
ASTM F 3001-14 | Standard specification for additive manufacturing titanium-6aluminum-4vanadium ELI (extra low interstitial) with powder bed fusion |
ASTM F 3055-14 | Standard specification for additive manufacturing nickel alloy (UNS N07718) with powder bed fusion |
ASTM F 3056-14 | Standard specification for additive manufacturing nickel alloy (UNS N06625) with powder bed fusion |