Journal of Powder Materials

A Study on Pore Properties of SUS316L Powder Porous Metal Fabricated by Electrostatic Powder Coating Process: Min-Jeong Lee, Yu-Jeong Yi, Hyeon-Ju Kim, Manho Park, Byoung-Kee Kim, Jung-Yeul Yun; J Korean Powder Metall Inst. 2018;25(5):415-419. Published online October 1, 2018; DOI: https://doi.org/10.4150/KPMI.2018.25.5.415

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Abstract PDF: Porous metals demonstrate not only excessively low densities, but also novel physical, thermal, mechanical, electrical, and acoustic properties. Thus, porous metals exhibit exceptional performance, which are useful for diesel particulate filters, heat exchangers, and noise absorbers. In this study, SUS316L foam with 90% porosity and 3,000 μm pore size is successfully manufactured using the electrostatic powder coating (ESPC) process. The mean size of SUS316L powders is approximately 12.33 μm. The pore properties are evaluated using SEM and Archimedes. As the quantity of powder coating increases, pore size decreases from 2,881 to 1,356 μm. Moreover, the strut thickness and apparent density increase from 423.7 to 898.3 μm and from 0.278 to 0.840 g/cm³, respectively. It demonstrates that pore properties of SUS316L powder porous metal are controllable by template type and quantity of powder coating.

Fabrication of Fe-Cr-Al Porous Metal with Sintering Temperature and Times: Bon-Uk Koo, Su-in Lee, Dahee Park, Jung-Yeul Yun, Byoung-Kee Kim; J Korean Powder Metall Inst. 2015;22(2):100-104. Published online April 1, 2015; DOI: https://doi.org/10.4150/KPMI.2015.22.2.100

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The porous metals are known as relatively excellent characteristic such as large surface area, light, lower heat capacity, high toughness and permeability. The Fe-Cr-Al alloys have high corrosion resistance, heat resistance and chemical stability for high temperature applications. And then many researches are developed the Fe-Cr-Al porous metals for exhaust gas filter, hydrogen reformer catalyst support and chemical filter. In this study, the Fe-Cr-Al porous metals are developed with Fe-22Cr-6Al(wt) powder using powder compaction method. The mean size of Fe-22Cr-6Al(wt) powders is about 42.69 μm. In order to control pore size and porosity, Fe-Cr-Al powders are sintered at 1200~1450°C and different sintering maintenance as 1~4 hours. The powders are pressed on disk shapes of 3 mm thickness using uniaxial press machine and sintered in high vacuum condition. The pore properties are evaluated using capillary flow porometer. As sintering temperature increased, relative density is increased from 73% to 96% and porosity, pore size are decreased from 27 to 3.3%, from 3.1 to 1.8 μm respectively. When the sintering time is increased, the relative density is also increased from 76.5% to 84.7% and porosity, pore size are decreased from 23.5% to 15.3%, from 2.7 to 2.08 μm respectively.

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Synthesis and Magnetic Hysteresis Properties of an Aluminum-Doped Isotropic Hard-Magnetic Fe–Cr–Co Powder Alloy
A. S. Ustyukhin, V. A. Zelensky, I. M. Milyaev, M. I. Alymov, A. A. Ashmarin, A. B. Ankudinov, K. V. Sergienko
Inorganic Materials: Applied Research.2024; 15(2): 480. CrossRef
Fabrication of a Porous Ni-Based Metal with a Multi-pore Structure by a Screen Printing Process
Yu-Jeong Yi, Min-Jeong Lee, Jung-Yeul Yun, Byoung-Kee Kim
Metals and Materials International.2019; 25(5): 1272. CrossRef

Effect of Cell Size on the High Temperature Oxidation Properties of Fe-Cr-Al Powder Porous Metal Manufactured by Electro-spray Process: Jae-Sung Oh, Young-Min Kong, Byoung-Kee Kim, Kee-Ahn Lee; J Korean Powder Metall Inst. 2014;21(1):55-61. Published online February 1, 2014; DOI: https://doi.org/10.4150/KPMI.2014.21.1.55

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Fe-Cr-Al powder porous metal was manufactured by using new electro-spray process. First, ultra-fine fecralloy powders were produced by using the submerged electric wire explosion process. Evenly distributed colloid (0.05~0.5% powders) was dispersed on Polyurethane foam through the electro-spray process. And then degreasing and sintering processes were conduced. In order to examine the effect of cell size (200 μm, 450 μm, 500 μm) in process, pre-samples were sintered for two hours at temperature of 1450°C, in H₂ atmospheres. A 24-hour thermo gravimetric analysis test was conducted at 1000°C in a 79% N₂ + 21% O₂ to investigate the high temperature oxidation behavior of powder porous metal. The results of the high temperature oxidation tests showed that oxidation resistance increased with increasing cell size. In the 200 μm porous metal with a thinner strut and larger specific surface area, the depletion of the stabilizing elements such as Al and Cr occurred more quickly during the high-temperature oxidation compared with the 450, 500 μm porous metals.

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Fabrication and Mechanical Properties of Open‐Cell Austenitic Stainless Steel Foam by Electrostatic Powder Spraying Process
Tae-Hoon Kang, Kyu-Sik Kim, Jung-Yeul Yun, Min-Jeong Lee, Kee-Ahn Lee
Advanced Engineering Materials.2020;[Epub] CrossRef
Microstructure and High Temperature Oxidation Behaviors of Fe-Ni Alloys by Spark Plasma Sintering
Chae Hong Lim, Jong Seok Park, Sangsun Yang, Jung-Yeul Yun, Jin Kyu Lee
Journal of Korean Powder Metallurgy Institute.2017; 24(1): 53. CrossRef
Effect of Al2O3 Inter-Layer Grown on FeCrAl Alloy Foam to Improve the Dispersion and Stability of NiO Catalysts
유진 이, 본율 구, 성호 백, 만호 박, 효진 안
Korean Journal of Materials Research.2015; 25(8): 391~397. CrossRef

Effect of Sintering Temperature on the High Temperature Oxidation of Fe-Cr-Al Powder Porous Metal Manufactured by Electrospray Process: Jae-Sung Oh, Young-Min Kong, Byoung-Kee Kim, Kee-Ahn Lee; J Korean Powder Metall Inst. 2012;19(6):435-441.; DOI: https://doi.org/10.4150/KPMI.2012.19.6.435

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A new manufacturing process of Fe-Cr-Al powder porous metal was attempted. First, ultra-fine fecralloy powders were produced by using the submerged electric wire explosion process. Evenly distributed colloid (0.05~0.5% powders) was dispersed on PU (Polyurethane) foam through the electrospray process. And then degreasing and sintering processes were conduced. In order to examine the effect of sintering temperature in process, pre-samples were sintered for two hours at temperatures of 1350°C, 1400°C, 1450°C, and 1500°C, respectively, in H_2 atmospheres. A 24-hour TGA (thermo gravimetric analysis) test was conducted at 1000°C in a 79% N_2+21% O_2 to investigate the high temperature oxidation behavior of powder porous metal. The results of the high temperature oxidation tests showed that oxidation resistance increased with increasing sintering temperature (2.57% oxidation weight gain at 1500°C sintered specimen). The high temperature oxidation mechanism of newly manufactured Fe-Cr-Al powder porous metal was also discussed.

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Effect of Cell Size on the High Temperature Oxidation Properties of Fe-Cr-Al Powder Porous Metal Manufactured by Electro-spray Process
Jae-Sung Oh, Young-Min Kong, Byoung-Kee Kim, Kee-Ahn Lee
Journal of Korean Powder Metallurgy Institute.2014; 21(1): 55. CrossRef

High Temperature Oxidation Behavior of Ni based Porous Metal: Sung-Hwan Choi, Jung-Yeul Yun, Hye-Mun Lee, Young-Min Kong, Byoung-Kee Kim, Kee-Ahn Lee; J Korean Powder Metall Inst. 2011;18(2):122-128.; DOI: https://doi.org/10.4150/KPMI.2011.18.2.122

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This study investigated the high temperature oxidation behavior of Ni-22.4%Fe-22%Cr-6%Al (wt.%) porous metal. Two types of open porous metals with different pore sizes of 30 PPI and 40 PPI (pore per inch) were used. A 24-hour TGA test was conducted at three different temperatures of 900°C, 1000°C and 1100°C. The results of the BET analysis revealed that the specific surface area increased as the pore size decreased from 30 PPI to 40 PPI. The oxidation resistance of porous metal decreased with decreasing pore size. As the temperature increased, the oxidation weight gain of the porous metal also increased. Porous metals mainly created oxides such as Al_2O_3, Cr_2O_3, NiAl_2O_4, and NiCr_2O_4. In the 40 PPI porous metal with small pore size and larger specific surface area, the depletion of stabilizing elements such as Al and Cr occurred more quickly during oxidation compared to the 30 PPI porous metal. Ni-Fe-Cr-Al porous metal's high-temperature oxidation micro-mechanism was also discussed.

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Effect of Strut Thickness on Room and High Temperature Compressive Properties of Block-Type Ni-Cr-Al Powder Porous Metals
B.-H. Kang, M.-H. Park, K.-A. Lee
Archives of Metallurgy and Materials.2017; 62(2): 1329. CrossRef
Fabrication of metallic alloy powder (Ni3Fe) from Fe–77Ni scrap
Inseok Seo, Shun-Myung Shin, Sang-An Ha, Jei-Pil Wang
Journal of Alloys and Compounds.2016; 670: 356. CrossRef
Preparation of oxide powder by continuous oxidation process from recycled Fe-77Ni alloy scrap
J Y Yun, D H Park, G J Jung, J P Wang
IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering.2015; 103: 012026. CrossRef
Reduction of High Nickel-Based Oxide Particles Using Hydrogen Gas
Sung Ho Joo, Shun Myung Shin, Dong Ju Shin, Jei Pil Wang
Applied Mechanics and Materials.2015; 778: 148. CrossRef
Fabrication of oxide powder from Fe–46Ni alloy scrap
J.-Y. Yun, D.-W. Lee, S.-M. Shin, J.-P. Wang
Materials Research Innovations.2015; 19(sup5): S5-415. CrossRef
Evaluation of Creep Reliability of Powder Metallurgy and Cast-type Ni-based Superalloy by Using Ultrasonic Wave
Chan-Yang Choi, Jin-Hun Song, Se-Ung Oh, Chung-Seok Kim, Sook-In Kwun, Sung-Tag Oh, Chang-Yong Hyun, Jai-Won Byeon
Journal of Korean Powder Metallurgy Institute.2012; 19(3): 215. CrossRef
Effect of Sintering Temperature on the High Temperature Oxidation of Fe-Cr-Al Powder Porous Metal Manufactured by Electrospray Process
Jae-Sung Oh, Young-Min Kong, Byoung-Kee Kim, Kee-Ahn Lee
Journal of Korean Powder Metallurgy Institute.2012; 19(6): 435. CrossRef

Fabrication of Ni-free Fe-based Alloy Nano Powder by Pulsed Wire Evaporation in Liquid: Part 2. Effect of Solvent and Comparison of Fabricated Powder owing to Fabrication Method: Ho-Jin Ryu, Yong-Heui Lee, Kwang-Ug Son, Young-Min Kong, Jin-Chun Kim, Byoung-Kee Kim, Jung-Yeul Yun; J Korean Powder Metall Inst. 2011;18(2):112-121.; DOI: https://doi.org/10.4150/KPMI.2011.18.2.112

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This study investigated the effect of solvent on the fabrication of Ni-free Fe-based alloy nano powders by employing the PWE (pulsed wire evaporation) in liquid and compared the alloy particles fabricated by three different methods (PWE in liquid, PWE in Ar, plasma arc discharge), for high temperature oxidation-resistant metallic porous body for high temperature soot filter system. Three different solvents (ethanol, acetone, distilled water) of liquid were adapted in PWE in liquid process, while X-ray diffraction (XRD), field emission scanning microscope (FE-SEM), and transmission electron microscope (TEM) were used to investigate the characteristics of the Fe-Cr-Al nano powders. The alloy powder synthesized by PWE in ethanol has good particle size and no surface oxidation compared to that of distilled water. Since the Fe-based alloy powders, which were fabricated by PWE in Ar and PAD process, showed surface oxidation by TEM analysis, the PWE in ethanol is the best way to fabricate Fe-based alloy nano powder.

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Effect of Cell Size on the High Temperature Oxidation Properties of Fe-Cr-Al Powder Porous Metal Manufactured by Electro-spray Process
Jae-Sung Oh, Young-Min Kong, Byoung-Kee Kim, Kee-Ahn Lee
Journal of Korean Powder Metallurgy Institute.2014; 21(1): 55. CrossRef

Fabrication of Ni-free Fe-based Alloy Nano Powder by Pulsed Wire Evaporation in Liquid: Part I. Effect of Wire Diameter and Applied Voltage: Ho-Jin Ryu, Yong-Heui Lee, Kwang-Ug Son, Young-Min Kong, Jin-Chun Kim, Byoung-Kee Kim, Jung-Yeul Yun; J Korean Powder Metall Inst. 2011;18(2):105-111.; DOI: https://doi.org/10.4150/KPMI.2011.18.2.105

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This study investigated the effect of wire diameter and applied voltage on the fabrication of Ni-free Fe-based alloy nano powders by employing the PWE (pulsed wire evaporation) in liquid, for high temperature oxidation-resistant metallic porous body for high temperature particulate matter (or soot) filter system. Three different diameter (0.1, 0.2, and 0.3 mm) of alloy wire and various applied voltages from 0.5 to 3.0 kV were main variables in PWE process, while X-ray diffraction (XRD), field emission scanning microscope (FE-SEM), and transmission electron microscope (TEM) were used to investigate the characteristics of the Fe-Cr-Al nano powders. It was controlled the number of explosion events, since evaporated and condensed nano-particles were coalesced to micron-sized secondary particles, when exceeded to the specific number of explosion events, which were not suitable for metallic porous body preparation. As the diameter of alloy wire increased, the voltage for electrical explosion increased and the size of primary particle decreased.

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Fabrication of Fe3O4/Fe/Graphene nanocomposite powder by Electrical Wire Explosion in Liquid Media and its Electrochemical Properties
Yoo-Young Kim, Ji-Seub Choi, Hoi-Jin Lee, Kwon-Koo Cho
Journal of Korean Powder Metallurgy Institute.2017; 24(4): 308. CrossRef
Effect of Cell Size on the High Temperature Oxidation Properties of Fe-Cr-Al Powder Porous Metal Manufactured by Electro-spray Process
Jae-Sung Oh, Young-Min Kong, Byoung-Kee Kim, Kee-Ahn Lee
Journal of Korean Powder Metallurgy Institute.2014; 21(1): 55. CrossRef
Effect of Sintering Temperature on the High Temperature Oxidation of Fe-Cr-Al Powder Porous Metal Manufactured by Electrospray Process
Jae-Sung Oh, Young-Min Kong, Byoung-Kee Kim, Kee-Ahn Lee
Journal of Korean Powder Metallurgy Institute.2012; 19(6): 435. CrossRef

Preparation of Ultrafine C/N Controled TiC_xN_y Powders by Magnesium Reduction: Dong-Won Lee, Byoung-Kee Kim, Jung-Yeul Yun, Ji-Hoon Yu, Yong-Jin Kim; J Korean Powder Metall Inst. 2010;17(2):142-147.; DOI: https://doi.org/10.4150/KPMI.2010.17.2.142

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The ultrafine titanium carbonitride (TiC_xN_y) particles below 100 nm in mean size, including various carbon and nitrogen contents (x=0.55~0.9, y=0.1~0.5), were successfully synthesized by new Mg-thermal reduction process. Nanostructured sub-stoichiometric titanium carbide (TiC_x) particles were initially produced by the magnesium reduction of gaseous TiCl_4+x/2C_2Cl_4 at 890°C and post heat treatments in vacuum were performed for 2 hrs to remove residual magnesium and magnesium chloride mixed with TiC_x. Finally, well C/N-controled TiC_xN_y phases were successfully produced by nitrification heat treatment under normal N_2 gas atmosphere at 1150°C for 2 hrs. The values of purity, mean particle size and oxygen content of produced particles were about 99.3%, 100 nm and 0.2 wt.%, respectively.

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Characteristics of Stainless Steel Composites with Nano-sized TiCxNy
Tae-Ho Ban, Sung-Bum Park, Soo-Jeong Jo, Dong-Won Lee, Farkhod R. Turaev, Yong-Il Park, Sung-Jin Kim
Journal of Korean Powder Metallurgy Institute.2011; 18(3): 290. CrossRef

Preparation of Ultrafine TiCN Powders by Mg-reduction of Metallic Chlorides: Dong-Won Lee, Jin-Chun Kim, Yong-Jin Kim, Byoung-Kee Kim; J Korean Powder Metall Inst. 2009;16(2):98-103.; DOI: https://doi.org/10.4150/KPMI.2009.16.2.098

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The ultrafine titanium carbonitride particles (TiC_0.7N_0.3) below 100nm in mean size were successfully synthesized by Mg-thermal reduction process. The nanostructured sub-stoichiometric titanium carbide (TiC_0.7) particles were produced by the magnesium reduction at 1123K of gaseous TiC_l4+xC_2Cl_4 and the heat treatments in vacuum were performed for five hours to remove residual magnesium and magnesium chloride mixed with TiC_0.7. And final TiC_0.7N_0.3 phase was obtained by nitrification under normal N_2 gas at 1373K for 2 hrs. The purity of produced TiC_0.7N_0.3 particles was above 99.3% and the oxygen contents below 0.2 wt%. We investigated in particular the effects of the temperatures in vacuum treatment on the particle refinement of final product.

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Synthesis of Ultrafine and Less Agglomerated TiCN Powders by Magnesiothermic Reduction
Dong-Won Lee
Journal of Korean Powder Metallurgy Institute.2012; 19(5): 356. CrossRef
Preparation of Ultrafine C/N Controled TiCxNyPowders by Magnesium Reduction
Dong-Won Lee, Byoung-Kee Kim, Jung-Yeul Yun, Ji-Hoon Yu, Yong-Jin Kim
Journal of Korean Powder Metallurgy Institute.2010; 17(2): 142. CrossRef

Synthesis of Ultrafine TiC-5%Co Powder by Using Co Nitrate and TiO(OH)₂ Slurry and Evaluation of Sintered Materials Prepared by Mixing WC-Co: Seong-Hyeon Hong, Byoung-Kee Kim; J Korean Powder Metall Inst. 2008;15(2):107-113.; DOI: https://doi.org/10.4150/KPMI.2008.15.2.107

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Abstract PDF: Ultrafine TiC-5%Co powders were synthesized by spray drying of aqueous solution of TiO(OH)_2 slurry and cobalt nitrate, followed by calcination and carbothermal reaction. The oxide powders with carbon powder was reduced and carburized at 900°Csim1250°C under hydrogen atmosphere. During reduction, CO gas was mainly evolved by reducing reaction of oxides. Ultrafine TiC-5%Co powders were easily formed by carbothermal reaction at 1250°C due to using ultrafine powders as raw materials. The ultrafine WC-TiC-Co alloy prepared by sintering of mixed powder of ultrafine WC-13%Co powder and ultrafine TiC-5%Co powder has higher sintered density and mechanical properties than WC-TiC-Co alloy prepared by commercial WC, TiC and Co powders.

Spark Plasma Sintering of the Ductile Cu-Gas-atomized Ni Bulk Metallic Glass Composite Powders: Jin-Chun Kim, Yong-Jin Kim, Byoung-Kee Kim, Ji-Soon Kim; J Korean Powder Metall Inst. 2006;13(5):351-359.; DOI: https://doi.org/10.4150/KPMI.2006.13.5.351

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Abstract PDF: Ni based(Ni_57Zr_20Ti_18Si_2Sn_3) bulk metallic glass(BMG) powders were produced by a gas atomization process, and ductile Cu powders were mixed using a spray drying process. The Ni-based amorphous powder and Cu mixed Ni composite powders were compacted by a spark plasma sintering (SPS) processes into cylindrical shape. The relative density varied with the used SPS mold materials such as graphite, hardened steel and WC-Co hard metal. The relative density increased from 87% to 98% when the sintering temperature increased up to 460°C in the WC-Co hard metal mold.

Trend of Advanced Technology for the Synthesis of Nanopowders in Russia by Chemical Process: Dong-Soo Kim, Dong-Won Lee, Byoung-Kee Kim; J Korean Powder Metall Inst. 2006;13(4):233-242.; DOI: https://doi.org/10.4150/KPMI.2006.13.4.233

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Thermoelectric Property of Ball Milled Bi-Te-Sb Powder: Ji-Hun Yu, Seung-Chul Bae, Gook-Hyun Ha, Byoung-Kee Kim, Gil-Gun Lee; J Korean Powder Metall Inst. 2005;12(6):387-392.; DOI: https://doi.org/10.4150/KPMI.2005.12.6.387

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Abstract PDF: The p-type semiconductor Bi_2Te_3-Sb_2Te_3 thermoelectric materials were fabricated by melting, milling and sintering process and their thermoelectric properties were characterized. The compound materials were ball-milled with milling time and the powders were sintered by spark plasma sintering process. The ball milled powders had equiaxial shape and approedmately 1~3µm in size. The figure of meritz of sintered thermoelectric materials decreased with milling time because of lowered electrical resistivity. The thermoelectric properties of Bi_2Te_3-Sb_2Te_3 materials have been discussed in terms of electrical property with ball mill process.

Production and Application of Nanoparticles by the Chemical Vapor Condensation Process: Jin-Chun Kim, Gook-Hyun Ha, Chul-Jin Choi, Byoung-Kee Kim; J Korean Powder Metall Inst. 2005;12(4):239-248.; DOI: https://doi.org/10.4150/KPMI.2005.12.4.239

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Synthesize of Nd₂Fe₁₄B Powders from 1-D Nd₂Fe₁₄B Wires using Electrospinning Process
Nu Si A Eom, Su Noh, Muhammad Aneeq Haq, Bum Sung Kim
Journal of Korean Powder Metallurgy Institute.2019; 26(6): 477. CrossRef

A Study on Oxidation-Resistance of Iron Nanoparticles Synthesized by Chemical Vapor Condensation Process: Dong-Won Lee, Ji-Hun Yu, Jeoung-Hyun Bae, Tae-Suk Jang, Byoung-Kee Kim; J Korean Powder Metall Inst. 2005;12(3):225-230.; DOI: https://doi.org/10.4150/KPMI.2005.12.3.225

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Abstract PDF: In order to prevent the oxide formation on the surface of nano-size iron particles and thereby to improve the oxidation resistance, iron nanoparticles synthesized by a chemical vapor condensation method were directly soaked in hexadecanethiol solution to coat them with a polymer layer. Oxygen content in the polymer-coated iron nanoparticles was significantly lower than that in air-passivated particles possessing iron-core/oxide-shell structure. Accordingly, oxidation resistance of the polymer-coated particles at an elevated temperature below 130°C in air was 10~40 times higher than that of the air- passivated particles.

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