Journal of Powder Materials

[English]
Selective Laser Sintering of Co-Cr Alloy Powders and Sintered Products Properties: Dong-Wan Lee, Minh-Thuyet Nguyen, Jin-Chun Kim; J Powder Mater. 2023;30(1):7-12. Published online February 1, 2023; DOI: https://doi.org/10.4150/KPMI.2023.30.1.7

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Abstract PDF: Metal-additive manufacturing techniques, such as selective laser sintering (SLS), are increasingly utilized for new biomaterials, such as cobalt-chrome (Co-Cr). In this study, Co-Cr gas-atomized powders are used as charge materials for the SLS process. The aim is to understand the consolidation of Co-Cr alloy powder and characterization of samples sintered using SLS under various conditions. The results clearly suggest that besides the matrix phase, the second phase, which is attributed to pores and oxidation particles, is observed in the sintered specimens. The as-built samples exhibit completely different microstructural features compared with the casting or wrought products reported in the literature. The microstructure reveals melt pools, which represent the characteristics of the scanning direction, in particular, or of the SLS conditions, in general. It also exposes extremely fine grain sizes inside the melt pools, resulting in an enhancement in the hardness of the as-built products. Thus, the hardness values of the samples prepared by SLS under all parameter conditions used in this study are evidently higher than those of the casting products.

[English]
Fabrication and Characterization of Immiscible Fe-Cu Alloys using Electrical Explosion of Wire in Liquid: Chu Dac Phuc, Nguyen Minh Thuyet, Jin-Chun Kim; J Korean Powder Metall Inst. 2020;27(6):449-457. Published online December 1, 2020; DOI: https://doi.org/10.4150/KPMI.2020.27.6.449

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Iron and copper are practically immiscible in the equilibrium state, even though their atomic radii are similar. As non-equilibrium solid solutions, the metastable Fe-Cu alloys can be synthesized using special methods, such as rapid quenching, vapor deposition, sputtering, ion-beam mixing, and mechanical alloying. The complexity of these methods (multiple steps, low productivity, high cost, and non-eco-friendliness) is a hinderance for their industrial applications. Electrical explosion of wire (EEW) is a well-known and effective method for the synthesis of metallic and alloy nanoparticles, and fabrication using the EEW is a simple and economic process. Therefore, it can be potentially employed to circumvent this problem. In this work, we propose the synthesis of Fe-Cu nanoparticles using EEW in a suitable solution. The powder shape, size distribution, and alloying state are analyzed and discussed according to the conditions of the EEW.

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Identification of the reconstruction induced high-entropy spinel oxide nanosheets for boosting alkaline water oxygen evolution
Xuexue Wang, Runqing Lu, Shanhe Gong, Shaokang Yang, Wenbo Wang, Zhongti Sun, Xiaozhen Zhang, Jun Liu, Xiaomeng Lv
Chemical Engineering Journal.2025; 503: 158488. CrossRef
Trends in bimetallic nanomaterials and methods for the removal of p-nitrophenol and its derivatives from wastewater
M. S. Qatan, F. Arshad, M. Miskam, G. A. Naikoo
International Journal of Environmental Science and Technology.2024; 21(5): 5247. CrossRef
Control of cluster coalescence during formation of bimetallic nanoparticles and nanoalloys obtained via electric explosion of two wires
K.V. Suliz, A.Yu. Kolosov, V.S. Myasnichenko, N.I. Nepsha, N.Yu. Sdobnyakov, A.V. Pervikov
Advanced Powder Technology.2022; 33(3): 103518. CrossRef

[English]
Spark Plasma Sintering of the Ni-graphite Composite Powder Prepared by Electrical Explosion of Wire in Liquid and Its Properties: Minh Thuyet-Nguyena, Jin-Chun Kim; J Korean Powder Metall Inst. 2020;27(1):14-24. Published online February 1, 2020; DOI: https://doi.org/10.4150/KPMI.2020.27.1.14

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Abstract PDF

In this work, the electrical explosion of wire in liquid and subsequent spark plasma sintering (SPS) was introduced for the fabrication of Ni-graphite nanocomposites. The fabricated composite exhibited good enhancements in mechanical properties, such as yield strength and hardness, but reduced the ductility in comparison with that of nickel. The as-synthesized Ni-graphite (5 vol.% graphite) nanocomposite exhibited a compressive yield strength of 275 MPa (about 1.6 times of SPS-processed monolithic nickel ~170 MPa) and elongation to failure ~22%. The hardness of Nigraphite composite had a value of 135.46 HV, which is about 1.3 times higher than that of pure SPS-processed Ni (105.675 HV). In terms of processing, this work demonstrated that this processing route is a novel, simple, and low-cost method for the synthesis of nickel-graphite composites.

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Top-down strategies for achieving high-quality graphene: Recent advancements
Arpana Agrawal
Journal of Industrial and Engineering Chemistry.2025; 142: 103. CrossRef
Electrodeposition of nickel-titanium dioxide coatings and powders from aqueous sulfate solutions
Tazhibayeva Aigerim Shotaevna, Bayeshova Azhar Kospanovna, Bayeshov Abduali, Osińska Małgorzata
Polyhedron.2025; 277: 117571. CrossRef

[English]
Synthesis of Carbonyl Iron-reinforced Polystyrene by High Energy Ball Milling: Hong-Hai Nguyen, Minh-Thuyet Nguyen, Won Joo Kim, Jin-Chun Kim, Young-Soo Kim, Young-Hyuk Kim, Olga B. Nazarenko; J Korean Powder Metall Inst. 2016;23(4):276-281. Published online August 1, 2016; DOI: https://doi.org/10.4150/KPMI.2016.23.4.276

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Carbonyl iron (CI) is successfully incorporated as an additive into a polystyrene (PS) matrix via a highenergy ball milling method, under an n-hexane medium with volume fractions between 1% and 5% for electromagnetic interference shielding applications by the combination of magnetic CI and an insulating PS matrix. The morphology and the dispersion of CI are investigated by field emission scanning electron microscopy, which indicates a uniform distribution of CI in the PS matrix after 2 h of milling. The thermal behavior results indicate no significant degradation of the PS when there is a slight increase in the onset temperature with the addition of CI powder, when compared to the as-received PS pellet. After milling, there are no interactions between the CI and the PS matrix, as confirmed by Fourier transformed infrared spectroscopy. In this study, the milled CI-PS powder is extruded to make filaments, and can have potential applications in the 3-D printing industry.

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Progress toward sustainable polymer technologies with ball-mill grinding
Antonio Rizzo, Gregory I. Peterson
Progress in Polymer Science.2024; 159: 101900. CrossRef

[English]
Fabrication and Mechanical Characteristics of Bulk Nickel/Carbon Nanotube Nanocomposites via the Electrical Explosion of Wire in Liquid and Spark Plasma Sintering Method: Thuyet-Nguyen Minh, Hai-Nguyen Hong, Won Joo Kim, Ho Yoon Kim, Jin-Chun Kim; J Korean Powder Metall Inst. 2016;23(3):213-220. Published online June 1, 2016; DOI: https://doi.org/10.4150/KPMI.2016.23.3.213

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In this study, bulk nickel-carbon nanotube (CNT) nanocomposites are synthesized by a novel method which includes a combination of ultrasonication, electrical explosion of wire in liquid and spark plasma sintering. The mechanical characteristics of the bulk Ni-CNT composites synthesized with CNT contents of 0.7, 1, 3 and 5 wt.% are investigated. X-ray diffraction, optical microscopy and field emission scanning electron microscopy techniques are used to observe the different phases, morphologies and structures of the composite powders as well as the sintered samples. The obtained results reveal that the as-synthesized composite exhibits substantial enhancement in the microhardness and values more than 140 HV are observed. However an empirical reinforcement limit of 3 wt.% is determined for the CNT content, beyond which, there is no significant improvement in the mechanical properties.

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Fabrication of nanocomposites by electric explosion of stainless steel capillaries filled with carbon nanotubes
Tao Jiang, Zhongyu Hou
Applied Surface Science.2020; 513: 145824. CrossRef
Effect of a nano-sized TiC particle addition on the flow-assisted corrosion resistance of SA 106B carbon steel
Jin-Ju Park, Eun-Kwang Park, Gyoung-Ja Lee, Chang-Kyu Rhee, Min-Ku Lee
Applied Surface Science.2017; 415: 143. CrossRef

[English]
Spark Plasma Sintering of Fe-Ni-Cu-Mo-C Low Alloy Steel Powder: Hong-Hai Nguyen, Minh-Thuyet Nguyen, Won Joo Kim, Ho Yoon Kim, Sung Gye Park, Jin-Chun Kim; J Korean Powder Metall Inst. 2016;23(3):207-212. Published online June 1, 2016; DOI: https://doi.org/10.4150/KPMI.2016.23.3.207

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In this study, Fe-Cu-Ni-Mo-C low alloy steel powder is consolidated by spark plasma sintering (SPS) process. The internal structure and the surface fracture behavior are studied using field-emission scanning electron microscopy and optical microscopy techniques. The bulk samples are polished and etched in order to observe the internal structure. The sample sintered at 900°C with holding time of 10 minutes achieves nearly full density of 98.9% while the density of the as-received conventionally sintered product is 90.3%. The fracture microstructures indicate that the sample prepared at 900°C by the SPS process is hard to break out because of the presence of both grain boundaries and internal particle fractures. Moreover, the lamellar pearlite structure is also observed in this sample. The samples sintered at 1000 and 1100°C exhibit a large number of tiny particles and pores due to the melting of Cu and aggregation of the alloy elements during the SPS process. The highest hardness value of 296.52 HV is observed for the sample sintered at 900°C with holding time of 10 minutes.

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Fabrication of Fe-Si-B Based Amorphous Powder Cores by Spark Plasma Sintered and Their Magnetic Properties
Liang Yan, Biao Yan, Yin Jian
Materials.2022; 15(4): 1603. CrossRef
Effect of Milling Time and Addition of PCA on Austenite Stability of Fe-7%Mn Alloy
Seung-Jin Oh, In-Jin Shon, Seok-Jae Lee
Journal of Korean Powder Metallurgy Institute.2018; 25(2): 126. CrossRef
Sintering and Microstructures of SUS 316L Powder Produced by 3D Printing Process
W.J. Kim, H.-H. Nguyen, H.Y. Kim, M.-T. Nguyen, H.S. Park, J.-C. Kim
Archives of Metallurgy and Materials.2017; 62(2): 1215. CrossRef
Fabrication and Mechanical Property of Fe-20Cu-1C Compacts by SPS process with Different Heating Rate
Jung-Han Ryu, Soo-Sik Shin, Byung-Rok Ryu, Kyung-Sik Kim, Jun-Ho Jang, Ik-Hyun Oh, Kap-Tae Kim, Hyun-Kuk Park
Journal of Korean Powder Metallurgy Institute.2017; 24(4): 302. CrossRef

[English]
Effect of Electrical Parameters and Surrounding Gas on the Electroexplosive Tungsten Nanopowders Characteristics: Young-Soon Kwon, Jin-Chun Kim, Alexander P. Ilyin, Olga B. Nazarenko, Dmitry V. Tikhonov; J Korean Powder Metall Inst. 2012;19(1):49-54.; DOI: https://doi.org/10.4150/KPMI.2012.19.1.049

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Tungsten nanopowders were produced by the method of wires electrical explosion in the different gases. The study of phase and dispersed composition of the powders was carried out. The influence of electrical parameters such as the value of energy input in wire and the arc stage of the explosion was discussed. The factors that make for decreasing the particles size are the lower pressure of surrounding gas and the use of addition of chemically reactive gas.

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Comparison of different tungsten precursors for preparation of tungsten nanopowder by RF induction thermal plasma
Dongyoon Shin, Basudev Swain, Chulwoong Han, Yonghwan Kim, Chan-Gi Lee, Kyung-Soo Park
International Journal of Refractory Metals and Hard Materials.2020; 86: 104995. CrossRef
Facile Synthesis of Single-Phase Alpha-Tungsten Nanopowders from Ammonium Paratungstate by RF Induction Thermal Plasma and Thermochemical Reduction
Dongyoon Shin, Hyun-Woo Shim, Basudev Swain, Kyung-Soo Park, Chan-Gi Lee
Korean Journal of Metals and Materials.2020; 58(11): 798. CrossRef
In-situ synthesis of tungsten nanoparticle attached spherical tungsten micro-powder by inductively coupled thermal plasma process
Chulwoong Han, Hyunwoong Na, Yonghwan Kim, Hanshin Choi
International Journal of Refractory Metals and Hard Materials.2015; 53: 7. CrossRef
Characterization of aluminum nanopowders after long-term storage
O.B. Nazarenko, Yu.A. Amelkovich, A.I. Sechin
Applied Surface Science.2014; 321: 475. CrossRef

[English]
Electroexplosive Technology of Nanopowders Production: Current Status and Future Prospects: Young-Soon Kwon, Jin-Chun Kim, Alexander P. Ilyin, Olga B. Nazarenko, Dmitry V. Tikhonov; J Korean Powder Metall Inst. 2012;19(1):40-48.; DOI: https://doi.org/10.4150/KPMI.2012.19.1.040

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Abstract PDF

The current situation of the nanopowders production technology based on the process of electrical explosion of wires is described. The advantages and disadvantages of the electroexplosive technology are indicated. The results of studies characterizing the effect of the electrical explosion conditions on the nanopowders properties are presented, including latest results: conditions of nanopowders passivation, conditions of nanopowders production having narrow size distribution, the methods of nanopowders diagnostic and standartization. In addition, the application and area of future research on this technology are proposed.

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Characterization of Naturally Aged Iron Nanopowder Produced by Electrical Explosion of Wires
Olga B. Nazarenko, Alexander I. Sechin, Yuliya A. Amelkovich
Metals and Materials International.2021; 27(5): 962. CrossRef
Development of Effectual Substrates for SERS by Nanostructures-on flexible surfaces
Hammad R. Humud, Fatimah Jumaah Moaen
Journal of Physics: Conference Series.2021; 2114(1): 012084. CrossRef
Influence of Factors Affecting the Parameters of Combustion of Aluminum Nanopowders in the Bulk Layer
Alexander I. Sechin, Olga B. Nazarenko, Yuliya A. Amelkovich, Andrey A. Sechin
Materials Science Forum.2019; 970: 257. CrossRef
Effect of electron beam irradiation on thermal and mechanical properties of aluminum based epoxy composites
P.M. Visakh, O.B. Nazarenko, C. Sarath Chandran, T.V. Melnikova, S.Yu. Nazarenko, J.-C. Kim
Radiation Physics and Chemistry.2017; 136: 17. CrossRef
Investigation of coatings produced by the electrospark machining method of steel 45 with electrodes based on carbides of tungsten and titanium
S. V. Nikolenko, N. A. Syui
Protection of Metals and Physical Chemistry of Surfaces.2017; 53(5): 889. CrossRef
Influence of long-term storage on fire hazard properties of metal nanopowders
O S Kyrmakova, A I Sechin, O B Nazarenko
Journal of Physics: Conference Series.2017; 881: 012027. CrossRef
A Study of the Preparation and Properties of Antioxidative Copper Inks with High Electrical Conductivity
Chia-Yang Tsai, Wei-Chen Chang, Guan-Lin Chen, Cheng-Huan Chung, Jun-Xiang Liang, Wei-Yang Ma, Tsun-Neng Yang
Nanoscale Research Letters.2015;[Epub] CrossRef
Characterization of copper nanopowders after natural aging
Yu A Amelkovich, O B Nazarenko, A I Sechin, P M Visakh
IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering.2015; 81: 012072. CrossRef
Characterization of aluminum nanopowders after long-term storage
O.B. Nazarenko, Yu.A. Amelkovich, A.I. Sechin
Applied Surface Science.2014; 321: 475. CrossRef
Effect of the Gas Composition at the Electrical Explosion of Wires on the Nanopowders Properties
Olga B. Nazarenko, Alexander P. Ilyin, Dmitry V. Tikhonov
Advanced Materials Research.2013; 872: 142. CrossRef
Prospects of Using Nanopowders as Flame Retardant Additives
Olga B. Nazarenko, Yulia A. Amelkovich, Alexander P. Ilyin, Alexander I. Sechin
Advanced Materials Research.2013; 872: 123. CrossRef

[Korean]
Fabrication of Ni-free Fe-based Alloy Nano Powder by Pulsed Wire Evaporation in Liquid: Part 2. Effect of Solvent and Comparison of Fabricated Powder owing to Fabrication Method: Ho-Jin Ryu, Yong-Heui Lee, Kwang-Ug Son, Young-Min Kong, Jin-Chun Kim, Byoung-Kee Kim, Jung-Yeul Yun; J Korean Powder Metall Inst. 2011;18(2):112-121.; DOI: https://doi.org/10.4150/KPMI.2011.18.2.112

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This study investigated the effect of solvent on the fabrication of Ni-free Fe-based alloy nano powders by employing the PWE (pulsed wire evaporation) in liquid and compared the alloy particles fabricated by three different methods (PWE in liquid, PWE in Ar, plasma arc discharge), for high temperature oxidation-resistant metallic porous body for high temperature soot filter system. Three different solvents (ethanol, acetone, distilled water) of liquid were adapted in PWE in liquid process, while X-ray diffraction (XRD), field emission scanning microscope (FE-SEM), and transmission electron microscope (TEM) were used to investigate the characteristics of the Fe-Cr-Al nano powders. The alloy powder synthesized by PWE in ethanol has good particle size and no surface oxidation compared to that of distilled water. Since the Fe-based alloy powders, which were fabricated by PWE in Ar and PAD process, showed surface oxidation by TEM analysis, the PWE in ethanol is the best way to fabricate Fe-based alloy nano powder.

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Effect of Cell Size on the High Temperature Oxidation Properties of Fe-Cr-Al Powder Porous Metal Manufactured by Electro-spray Process
Jae-Sung Oh, Young-Min Kong, Byoung-Kee Kim, Kee-Ahn Lee
Journal of Korean Powder Metallurgy Institute.2014; 21(1): 55. CrossRef

[Korean]
Fabrication of Ni-free Fe-based Alloy Nano Powder by Pulsed Wire Evaporation in Liquid: Part I. Effect of Wire Diameter and Applied Voltage: Ho-Jin Ryu, Yong-Heui Lee, Kwang-Ug Son, Young-Min Kong, Jin-Chun Kim, Byoung-Kee Kim, Jung-Yeul Yun; J Korean Powder Metall Inst. 2011;18(2):105-111.; DOI: https://doi.org/10.4150/KPMI.2011.18.2.105

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This study investigated the effect of wire diameter and applied voltage on the fabrication of Ni-free Fe-based alloy nano powders by employing the PWE (pulsed wire evaporation) in liquid, for high temperature oxidation-resistant metallic porous body for high temperature particulate matter (or soot) filter system. Three different diameter (0.1, 0.2, and 0.3 mm) of alloy wire and various applied voltages from 0.5 to 3.0 kV were main variables in PWE process, while X-ray diffraction (XRD), field emission scanning microscope (FE-SEM), and transmission electron microscope (TEM) were used to investigate the characteristics of the Fe-Cr-Al nano powders. It was controlled the number of explosion events, since evaporated and condensed nano-particles were coalesced to micron-sized secondary particles, when exceeded to the specific number of explosion events, which were not suitable for metallic porous body preparation. As the diameter of alloy wire increased, the voltage for electrical explosion increased and the size of primary particle decreased.

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Fabrication of Fe3O4/Fe/Graphene nanocomposite powder by Electrical Wire Explosion in Liquid Media and its Electrochemical Properties
Yoo-Young Kim, Ji-Seub Choi, Hoi-Jin Lee, Kwon-Koo Cho
Journal of Korean Powder Metallurgy Institute.2017; 24(4): 308. CrossRef
Effect of Cell Size on the High Temperature Oxidation Properties of Fe-Cr-Al Powder Porous Metal Manufactured by Electro-spray Process
Jae-Sung Oh, Young-Min Kong, Byoung-Kee Kim, Kee-Ahn Lee
Journal of Korean Powder Metallurgy Institute.2014; 21(1): 55. CrossRef
Effect of Sintering Temperature on the High Temperature Oxidation of Fe-Cr-Al Powder Porous Metal Manufactured by Electrospray Process
Jae-Sung Oh, Young-Min Kong, Byoung-Kee Kim, Kee-Ahn Lee
Journal of Korean Powder Metallurgy Institute.2012; 19(6): 435. CrossRef

[English]
A Study on the Behavior of Combustion Wave Propagation and the Structure of Porous TiNi Body during Self-propagating High-temperature Synthesis Process: Ji-Soon Kim, Victor E. Gjuntera, Jin-Chun Kim, Young-Soon Kwon; J Korean Powder Metall Inst. 2010;17(1):29-35.; DOI: https://doi.org/10.4150/KPMI.2010.17.1.029

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We produced cylindrical porous TiNi bodies by Self-propagating High-temperature Synthesis (SHS) process, varying the heating schedule prior to ignition of a loose preform compact made from (Ti+Ni) powder mixture. To investigate the effect of the heating schedule on the behaviour of combustion wave propagation and the structure of porous TiNi shape-memory alloy (SMA) body, change of temperature in the compact during SHS process was measured as a function of time and used for determining combustion temperature and combustion wave velocity. Microstructure of produced porous TiNi SMA body was observed and the results were discussed with the combustion characteristics. From the results it was concluded that the final average pore size could be controlled either by the combustion wave velocity or by the average temperature of the preform compact prior to ignition.

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Microwave-induced substitutional-combustion reaction of Fe3O4/Al ceramic matrix porous composite
C. C. Lee, N. Yoshikawa, S. Taniguchi
Journal of Materials Science.2011; 46(21): 7004. CrossRef

[Korean]
Production of Fe Amorphous Powders by Gas-Atomization Process and Subsequent Spark Plasma Sintering of Fe amorphous-ductile Cu Composite Powder Produced by Ball-milling Process (II) - II. SPS Behaviors of Composite Powders and their Characteristics -: Jin-Chun Kim, Ji-Soon Kim, H.J. Kim, Jeong-Gon Kim; J Korean Powder Metall Inst. 2009;16(5):326-335.; DOI: https://doi.org/10.4150/KPMI.2009.16.5.326

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Abstract PDF: Fe based (Fe_68.2C_5.9Si_3.5B_6.7P_9.6Cr_2.1Mo_2.0Al_2.0) amorphous powder, which is a composition of iron blast cast slag, were produced by a gas atomization process, and sequently mixed with ductile Cu powder by a mechanical ball milling process. The Fe-based amorphous powders and the Fe-Cu composite powders were compacted by a spark plasma sintering (SPS) process. Densification of the Fe amorphous-Cu composited powders by spark plasma sintering of was occurred through a plastic deformation of the each amorphous powder and Cu phase. The SPS samples milled by AGO-2 under 500 rpm had the best homogeneity of Cu phase and showed the smallest Cu pool size. Micro-Vickers hardness of the as-SPSed specimens was changed with the milling processes.

[Korean]
Production of Fe Amorphous Powders by Gas-atomization Process and Subsequent Spark Plasma Sintering of Fe Amorphous-ductile Cu Composite Powders Produced by Ball-milling Process (I) - I. Gas Atomization and Production of Composite Powders -: Ho-Jin Ryu, Jae-Hyun Lim, Ji-Soon Kim, Jin-Chun Kim, H.J. Kim; J Korean Powder Metall Inst. 2009;16(5):316-325.; DOI: https://doi.org/10.4150/KPMI.2009.16.5.316

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Abstract PDF: Fe based (Fe_68.2C_5.9Si_3.5B_6.7P_9.6Cr_2.1Mo_2.0Al_2.0) amorphous powder, which is a composition of iron blast cast slag, were produced by a gas atomization process, and sequently mixed with ductile Cu powder by a mechanical ball milling process. The experiment results show that the as-prepared Fe amorphous powders less than 90 mum in size has a fully amorphous phase and its weight fraction was about 73.7%. The as-atomized amorphous Fe powders had a complete spherical shape with very clean surface. Differential scanning calorimetric results of the as-atomized Fe powders less than 90 mum showed that the glass transition, T_g, onset crystallization, T_x, and super-cooled liquid range DeltaT=T_x-T_g were 512, 548 and 36°C, respectively. Fe amorphous powders were mixed and deformed well with 10 wt.% Cu by using AGO-2 high energy ball mill under 500 rpm.

[Korean]
Preparation of Ultrafine TiCN Powders by Mg-reduction of Metallic Chlorides: Dong-Won Lee, Jin-Chun Kim, Yong-Jin Kim, Byoung-Kee Kim; J Korean Powder Metall Inst. 2009;16(2):98-103.; DOI: https://doi.org/10.4150/KPMI.2009.16.2.098

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The ultrafine titanium carbonitride particles (TiC_0.7N_0.3) below 100nm in mean size were successfully synthesized by Mg-thermal reduction process. The nanostructured sub-stoichiometric titanium carbide (TiC_0.7) particles were produced by the magnesium reduction at 1123K of gaseous TiC_l4+xC_2Cl_4 and the heat treatments in vacuum were performed for five hours to remove residual magnesium and magnesium chloride mixed with TiC_0.7. And final TiC_0.7N_0.3 phase was obtained by nitrification under normal N_2 gas at 1373K for 2 hrs. The purity of produced TiC_0.7N_0.3 particles was above 99.3% and the oxygen contents below 0.2 wt%. We investigated in particular the effects of the temperatures in vacuum treatment on the particle refinement of final product.

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Synthesis of Ultrafine and Less Agglomerated TiCN Powders by Magnesiothermic Reduction
Dong-Won Lee
Journal of Korean Powder Metallurgy Institute.2012; 19(5): 356. CrossRef
Preparation of Ultrafine C/N Controled TiCxNyPowders by Magnesium Reduction
Dong-Won Lee, Byoung-Kee Kim, Jung-Yeul Yun, Ji-Hoon Yu, Yong-Jin Kim
Journal of Korean Powder Metallurgy Institute.2010; 17(2): 142. CrossRef

[English]
The Formation and Crystallization of Amorphous Ti₅₀Cu₅₀Ni₂₀Al₁₀ Powder Prepared by High-Energy Ball Milling: Nguyen Hoang Viet, Jin-Chun Kim, Ji-Soon Kim, Young-Soon Kwon; J Korean Powder Metall Inst. 2009;16(1):9-15.; DOI: https://doi.org/10.4150/KPMI.2009.16.1.009

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Amorphization and crystallization behaviors of Ti_50Cu_50Ni_20Al_10 powders during high-energy ball milling and subsequent heat treatment were studied. Full amorphization obtained after milling for 30 h was confirmed by X-ray diffraction and transmission electron microscope. The morphology of powders prepared using different milling times was observed by field-emission scanning electron microscope. The powders developed a fine, layered, homogeneous structure with prolonged milling. The crystallization behavior showed that the glass transition, T_g, onset crystallization, T_x, and super cooled liquid range DeltaT=T_x-T_g were 691,771 and 80 K, respectively. The isothermal transformation kinetics was analyzed by the John-Mehn-Avrami equation. The Avrami exponent was close to 2.5, which corresponds to the transformation process with a diffusion-controlled type at nearly constant nucleation rate. The activation energy of crystallization for the alloy in the isothermal annealing process calculated using an Arrhenius plot was 345 kJ/mol.

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Mechanical Properties of Bulk Amorphous Ti50Cu20Ni20Al10Fabricated by High-energy Ball Milling and Spark-plasma Sintering
H.V. Nguyen, J.C. Kim, J.S. Kim, Y.J. Kwon, Y.S. Kwon
Journal of Korean Powder Metallurgy Institute.2009; 16(5): 358. CrossRef

[Korean]
Composite and Spark Plasma Sintering of the Atomized Fe Amorphous Powders and Wire-exploded Cu Nanopowder in Liquid: Jin-Chun Kim, Wang-Heo Goo, Joo-Sik Yoo; J Korean Powder Metall Inst. 2008;15(4):285-291.; DOI: https://doi.org/10.4150/KPMI.2008.15.4.285

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Abstract PDF: Fe based (Fe_68.2C_5.9Si_3.5B_6.7P_9.6Cr_2.1Mo_2.0Al_2.0) amorphous powder were produced by a gas atomization process, and then ductile Cu powder fabricated by the electric explosion of wire(EEW) were mixed in the liquid (methanol) consecutively. The Fe-based amorphous - nanometallic Cu composite powders were compacted by a spark plasma sintering (SPS) processes. The nano-sized Cu powders of sim;nm200 produced by EEW in the methanol were mixed and well coated with the atomized Fe amorphous powders through the simple drying process on the hot plate. The relative density of the compacts obtained by the SPS showed over 98% and its hardness was also found to reach over 1100 Hv.

[Korean]
Fabrication and Properties of High Strength Hypereutectic AI-Si Powders by a Gas Atomization Process II. Extrusion and Mechanical Properties: Yong-Jin Kim, Jin-Chun Kim; J Korean Powder Metall Inst. 2008;15(2):142-147.; DOI: https://doi.org/10.4150/KPMI.2008.15.2.142

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Abstract PDF: The hypereutectic Al-20 wt%Si powders including some amount of Cu, Fe, Mg, Mn were prepared by a gas atomization process. In order to get highly densified Al-Si bulk specimens, the as-atomized and sieved powders were extruded at 500°C, Microstructure and tensile properties of the extruded Al-Si alloys were investigated in this study. Relative density of the extruded samples was over 98%. Ultimate tensile strength (UTS) in stress-strain curves of the extruded powders increased after T6 heat treatments. Elongation of the samples was also increased from 1.4% to 3.2%. The fracture surfaces of the tested pieces showed a fine microstructure and the average grain size was about 1µm.

[Korean]
Spark Plasma Sintering of the Ductile Cu-Gas-atomized Ni Bulk Metallic Glass Composite Powders: Jin-Chun Kim, Yong-Jin Kim, Byoung-Kee Kim, Ji-Soon Kim; J Korean Powder Metall Inst. 2006;13(5):351-359.; DOI: https://doi.org/10.4150/KPMI.2006.13.5.351

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Abstract PDF: Ni based(Ni_57Zr_20Ti_18Si_2Sn_3) bulk metallic glass(BMG) powders were produced by a gas atomization process, and ductile Cu powders were mixed using a spray drying process. The Ni-based amorphous powder and Cu mixed Ni composite powders were compacted by a spark plasma sintering (SPS) processes into cylindrical shape. The relative density varied with the used SPS mold materials such as graphite, hardened steel and WC-Co hard metal. The relative density increased from 87% to 98% when the sintering temperature increased up to 460°C in the WC-Co hard metal mold.

[Korean]
Reduction and Spark Plasma Sintering of the W(Tungsten) Nanopowder Produced by the Electric Explosion of Wire Process: Ji-Soon Kim, Cheol-Hee Kim, Eun-Ju Park, Young-Soon Kwon, Jin-Chun Kim, Sung-Ho Lee, Dong-Ik Jung; J Korean Powder Metall Inst. 2006;13(4):269-277.; DOI: https://doi.org/10.4150/KPMI.2006.13.4.269

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Abstract PDF: [ beta-W(W_3O) ] oxide layer on the surface of each W(tungsten) nanopowder produced by the electric explosion of wire(EEW) process were formed during the 1vol.% air passivation process. The oxide layer hindered sintering densification of compacts during SPS process. The oxide phase was reduced to the pure W phase during SPS. The W nanopowder's compacts treated by the hydrogen reduction showed high sintered density of 94.5%. after SPS process at 1900°C.

[Korean]
Fabrication and Properties of High Strength Hypereutectic Al-Si Powder by Gas Atomization Process I. Powder Production and Compressibility: Yong-Jin Kim, Jin-Chun Kim; J Korean Powder Metall Inst. 2005;12(4):296-302.; DOI: https://doi.org/10.4150/KPMI.2005.12.4.296

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Abstract PDF: In order to improve mechanical properties, the hypereutectic Al-20 wt%Si based prealloy powder was prepared by gas atomization process. Microstructure and compressibility of the atomized Al-Si powder were investigated. The average powder size was decreased with increasing the atomization gas pressure. Size of primary Si particles of the as-atomized powder was about 5-8;mum. The as-atomized Al-Si powder such as AMB 2712 and AMB 7775 to increase compressibility and sinterability. Relative density of the mixed powder samples sintered at 600°C was reached about 96% of a theoretical density.

[Korean]
Formation of CdSe Hollow Sphere by In-Situ-Template-Interface Reaction (ISTIR) Method: Moon-Hee Choi, Yoon-Bok Lee, Hyong-Kuk Kim, Young-Mok Rhyim, Jin-Chun Kim, Young-Seok Kim, Yang-Do Kim; J Korean Powder Metall Inst. 2005;12(4):291-295.; DOI: https://doi.org/10.4150/KPMI.2005.12.4.291

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Abstract PDF: CdSe hollow sphere with average size of about 30-50 nm was synthesized from the mixed solution of cadmium chloride (CdCl_2), sodium selenosulfate (Na_2SeSO_3) and ethylenediamine(EDA, H_2NCH_2CH_2NH_2) at room temperature. The molar ratio of EDA to Cd2+ showed the most significant effect on the morphology of CdSe hollow sphere. This paper will present and discuss the possible formation mechanism of CdSe hollow sphere based on the observation of morphological changes.

[Korean]
Production and Application of Nanoparticles by the Chemical Vapor Condensation Process: Jin-Chun Kim, Gook-Hyun Ha, Chul-Jin Choi, Byoung-Kee Kim; J Korean Powder Metall Inst. 2005;12(4):239-248.; DOI: https://doi.org/10.4150/KPMI.2005.12.4.239

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Synthesize of Nd₂Fe₁₄B Powders from 1-D Nd₂Fe₁₄B Wires using Electrospinning Process
Nu Si A Eom, Su Noh, Muhammad Aneeq Haq, Bum Sung Kim
Journal of Korean Powder Metallurgy Institute.2019; 26(6): 477. CrossRef

[Korean]
Synthesis and Microstructure of Fe(C) Nanocapsules by Chemical Vapor Condensation: Jung-Han Lee, Sung-Duk Kim, Jin-Chun Kim, Chul-Jin Choi, Chan-Gyu Lee; J Korean Powder Metall Inst. 2004;11(6):515-521.; DOI: https://doi.org/10.4150/KPMI.2004.11.6.515

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Abstract PDF: Fe(C) nanocapsules were prepared by the chemical vapor condensation(CVC) process using the pyrolysis of iron pentacarbonyl (Fe(CO)_5). Their characterizations were studied by means of X-ray diffraction, X-ray photoelectron spectrometer and transmission electron microscopy. The long-chained Fe(C) nanocapsules hav-ing the mean size of under 70 nm could be obtained below 1100°C in different gas flow rates. The particle size of the powders was increased with increasing decomposition temperature, but it was decreased with increasing CO gas flow rate. The Fe powders produced at 500°C consisted of three layers of alpha-Fe/Fe_3C/amorphous phases, but it had two phase core-shell structure which consited of Fe_3C phase of core and graphite of shell at 1100°C.

[English]
Preparation of Nanosized WO₃ Powder by Chemical Vapor Condensation Process: Jin-Chun Kim, Byoung-Kee Kim; J Korean Powder Metall Inst. 2003;10(3):186-189.; DOI: https://doi.org/10.4150/KPMI.2003.10.3.186

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Abstract PDF: A chemical vapor condensation (CVC) process using the pyrolysis of metal-organic precursors was applied to produce the nanosized WO_3 powders. Morphology and phase changes of the synthesized WO_3 powder as a function of CVC parameters were investigated by XRD, BET and TEM. The agglomerated nanosized monoclinic WO_3 powders with nearly spherical shape and 10-38 nm in mean diameter could be obtained. Conditions to produce the WO_3 nanopowders are presented in this paper.

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