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• Long‐Lasting, Steady and Enhanced Energy Harvesting by Inserting a Conductive Layer into the Piezoelectric Polymer
  HakSu Jang, Gwang Hyeon Kim, Dong Won Jeon, Hyeon Jun Park, BitNa Bae, Nagamalleswara Rao Alluri, Cheol Min Kim, Changyeon Baek, Min‐Ku Lee, Sung Beom Cho, Gyoung‐Ja Lee, Kwi‐Il Park
  Advanced Functional Materials.2025;[Epub]     CrossRef
• Flexible hybrid thermoelectric films made of bismuth telluride-PEDOT:PSS composites enabled by freezing-thawing process and simple chemical treatment
  Cheol Min Kim, Seoha Kim, Nagamalleswara Rao Alluri, Bitna Bae, Momanyi Amos Okirigiti, Gwang Hyun Kim, Hyeon Jun Park, Haksu Jang, Changyeon Baek, Min-Ku Lee, Gyoung-Ja Lee, Kwi-Il Park
  Materials Today Chemistry.2025; 44: 102532.     CrossRef
• Dual-controlled piezoelectric composite film with enhanced crystallinity and defect-free via solvent vapor treatment
  HakSu Jang, Hyeon Jun Park, Gwang Hyeon Kim, Cheol Min Kim, Nagamalleswara Rao Alluri, BitNa Bae, HyoMin Jeon, DongHun Lee, Kwi-Il Park
  Nano Energy.2025; 136: 110705.     CrossRef
• Optimized Process and Mechanical and Electrical Analysis of Polyimide/Pb(Zr,Ti)O3-Based Flexible Piezoelectric Composites
  Junki Lee, Sang-il Yoon, Hyunseung Kim, Chang Kyu Jeong
  Journal of Powder Materials.2025; 32(1): 16.     CrossRef
• Flexible Thermoelectric Energy Harvester with Stacked Structure of Thermoelectric Composite Films Made of PVDF and Bi2Te3-Based Particles
  Da Eun Shin, Nagamalleswara Rao Alluri, Kwi-Il Park
  ACS Applied Energy Materials.2024; 7(19): 8288.     CrossRef
• Enhanced energy harvesting of fibrous composite membranes via plasma-piezopolymer interaction
  Hyeon Jun Park, Bitna Bae, HakSu Jang, Dong Yeol Hyeon, Dong Hun Lee, Gwang Hyun Kim, Cheol Min Kim, Nagamalleswara Rao Alluri, Changyeon Baek, Min-Ku Lee, Gyoung-Ja Lee, Kwi-Il Park
  Nano Energy.2024; 131: 110299.     CrossRef
• CoFe2O4-BaTiO3 core-shell-embedded flexible polymer composite as an efficient magnetoelectric energy harvester
  Bitna Bae, Nagamalleswara Rao Alluri, Cheol Min Kim, Jungho Ryu, Gwang Hyeon Kim, Hyeon Jun Park, Changyeon Baek, Min-Ku Lee, Gyoung-Ja Lee, Geon-Tae Hwang, Kwi-Il Park
  Materials Today Physics.2024; 48: 101567.     CrossRef

Piezoelectric technology, which converts mechanical energy into electrical energy, has recently attracted drawn considerable attention in the industry. Among the many kinds of piezoelectric materials, BaTiO₃ nanotube arrays, which have outstanding uniformity and anisotropic orientation compared to nanowire-based arrays, can be fabricated using a simple synthesis process. In this study, we developed a flexible piezoelectric energy harvester (f-PEH) based on a composite film with PVDF-coated BaTiO₃ nanotube arrays through sequential anodization and hydrothermal synthesis processes. The f-PEH fabricated using the piezoelectric composite film exhibited excellent piezoelectric performance and high flexibility compared to the previously reported BaTiO₃ nanotube array-based energy harvester. These results demonstrate the possibility for widely application with high performance by our advanced f-PEH technique based on BaTiO₃ nanotube arrays.

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• Flexible Thermoelectric Energy Harvester with Stacked Structure of Thermoelectric Composite Films Made of PVDF and Bi2Te3-Based Particles
  Da Eun Shin, Nagamalleswara Rao Alluri, Kwi-Il Park
  ACS Applied Energy Materials.2024; 7(19): 8288.     CrossRef
• CoFe2O4-BaTiO3 core-shell-embedded flexible polymer composite as an efficient magnetoelectric energy harvester
  Bitna Bae, Nagamalleswara Rao Alluri, Cheol Min Kim, Jungho Ryu, Gwang Hyeon Kim, Hyeon Jun Park, Changyeon Baek, Min-Ku Lee, Gyoung-Ja Lee, Geon-Tae Hwang, Kwi-Il Park
  Materials Today Physics.2024; 48: 101567.     CrossRef

One-dimensional (1D) piezoelectric nanostructures are attractive candidates for energy generation because of their excellent piezoelectric properties attributed to their high aspect ratios and large surface areas. Vertically grown BaTiO₃ nanotube (NT) arrays on conducting substrates are intensively studied because they can be easily synthesized with excellent uniformity and anisotropic orientation. In this study, we demonstrate the synthesis of 1D BaTiO₃ NT arrays on a conductive Ti substrate by electrochemical anodization and sequential hydrothermal reactions. Subsequently, we explore the effect of hydrothermal reaction conditions on the piezoelectric energy conversion efficiency of the BaTiO₃ NT arrays. Vertically aligned TiO2 NT arrays, which act as the initial template, are converted into BaTiO₃ NT arrays using hydrothermal reaction with various concentrations of the Ba source and reaction times. To validate the electrical output performance of the BaTiO₃ NT arrays, we measure the electricity generated from each NT array packaged with a conductive metal foil and epoxy under mechanical pushings. The generated output voltage signals from the BaTiO₃ NT arrays increase with increasing concentration of the Ba source and reaction time. These results provide a new strategy for fabricating advanced 1D piezoelectric nanostructures by demonstrating the correlation between hydrothermal reaction conditions and piezoelectric output performance.

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• Optimized Process and Mechanical and Electrical Analysis of Polyimide/Pb(Zr,Ti)O3-Based Flexible Piezoelectric Composites
  Junki Lee, Sang-il Yoon, Hyunseung Kim, Chang Kyu Jeong
  Journal of Powder Materials.2025; 32(1): 16.     CrossRef
• Fabrication of Flexible Energy Harvester Based on BaTiO₃ Piezoelectric Nanotube Arrays
  Seo Young Yoon, Cheol Min Kim, Bitna Bae, Yujin Na, Haksu Jang, Kwi-Il Park
  journal of Korean Powder Metallurgy Institute.2023; 30(6): 521.     CrossRef

Piezoelectric ceramic specimens with the Pb(Mg_1/3Nb_2/3)_0.65Ti_0.35O₃ (PMN-PT) composition are prepared by the solid state reaction method known as the “columbite precursor” method. Moreover, the effects of the Li₂O-Bi₂O₃ additive on the microstructure, crystal structure, and piezoelectric properties of sintered PMN-PT ceramic samples are investigated. The addition of Li₂O-Bi₂O₃ lowers the sintering temperature from 1,200°C to 950°C. Moreover, with the addition of >5 wt.% additive, the crystal structure changes from tetragonal to rhombohedral. Notably, the sample with 3 wt.% additive exhibits excellent piezoelectric properties (d33 = 596 pC/N and Kp = 57%) and a sintered density of 7.92 g/cm³ after sintering at 950°C. In addition, the sample exhibits a curie temperature of 138.6°C at 1 kHz. Finally, the compatibility of the sample with a Cu electrode is examined, because the energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy data indicate the absence of interdiffusion between Cu and the ceramic material.

Piezoelectric energy harvesting technology is attracting attention, as it can be used to convert more accessible mechanical energy resources to periodic electricity. Recent developments in the field of piezoelectric energy harvesters (PEHs) are associated with nanocomposites made from inorganic piezoelectric nanomaterials and organic elastomers. Here, we used the BaTiO₃ nanoparticles and piezoelectric poly(vinylidene fluoride) (PVDF) polymeric matrix to fabricate the nanocomposites-based PEH to improve the output performance of PEHs. The piezoelectric nanocomposite is produced by dispersing the inorganic piezo-ceramic nanoparticles inside an organic piezo-polymer and subsequently spin-coat it onto a metal plate. The fabricated organic-inorganic piezoelectric nanocomposite-based PEH harvested the output voltage of ~1.5 V and current signals of ~90 nA under repeated mechanical pushings: these values are compared to those of energy devices made from non-piezoelectric polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) elastomers and supported by a multiphysics simulation software.

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• Development and Characterization of Hafnium-Doped BaTiO3 Nanoparticle-Based Flexible Piezoelectric Devices
  HakSu Jang, Hyeon Jun Park, Gwang Hyeon Kim, Gyoung-Ja Lee, Jae-Hoon Ji, Donghun Lee, Young Hwa Jung, Min-Ku Lee, Changyeon Baek, Kwi-Il Park
  JOURNAL OF SENSOR SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY.2024; 33(1): 34.     CrossRef
• Enhanced energy harvesting of fibrous composite membranes via plasma-piezopolymer interaction
  Hyeon Jun Park, Bitna Bae, HakSu Jang, Dong Yeol Hyeon, Dong Hun Lee, Gwang Hyun Kim, Cheol Min Kim, Nagamalleswara Rao Alluri, Changyeon Baek, Min-Ku Lee, Gyoung-Ja Lee, Kwi-Il Park
  Nano Energy.2024; 131: 110299.     CrossRef
• Effects of Mixing Ratio and Poling on Output Characteristics of BaTiO3-Poly Vinylidene Fluoride Composite Piezoelectric Generators
  Hee-Tae Kim, Sang-Shik Park
  Korean Journal of Materials Research.2023; 33(12): 517.     CrossRef
• Stretchable Sensor Array Based on Lead-Free Piezoelectric Composites Made of BaTiO3 Nanoparticles and Polymeric Matrix
  Jun Ho Bae, Seong Su Ham, Sung Cheol Park, Kwi-Il Park
  JOURNAL OF SENSOR SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY.2022; 31(5): 312.     CrossRef
• Flexible Energy Harvester Made of Organic-Inorganic Hybrid Piezoelectric Nanocomposite
  Yu Jeong Kwon, Dong Yeol Hyeon, Kwi-Il Park
  Korean Journal of Materials Research.2019; 29(6): 371.     CrossRef

The impact of different mixing methods and sintering temperatures on the microstructure and piezoelectric properties of PZNN-PZT ceramics is investigated. To improve the sinterability and piezoelectric properties of these ceramics, the composition of 0.13Pb((Zn_0.8Ni_0.2)_1/3Nb_2/3)O₃-0.87Pb(Zr_0.5Ti_0.5)O₃ (PZNN-PZT) containing a Pb-based relaxor component is selected. Two methods are used to create the powder for the PZNN-PZT ceramics. The first involves blending all source powders at once, followed by calcination. The second involves the preferential creation of columbite as a precursor, by reacting NiO with Nb₂O₅ powder. Subsequently, PZNN-PZT powder can be prepared by mixing the columbite powder, PbO, and other components, followed by an additional calcination step. All the PZNNPZT powder samples in this study show a nearly-pure perovskite phase. High-density PZNN-PZT ceramics can be fabricated using powders prepared by a two-step calcination process, with the addition of 0.3 wt% MnO2 at even relatively low sintering temperatures from 800°C to 1000°C. The grain size of the ceramics at sintering temperatures above 900°C is increased to approximately 3 μm. The optimized PZNN-PZT piezoelectric ceramics show a piezoelectric constant (d₃₃) of 360 pC/N, an electromechanical coupling factor (kp) of 0.61, and a quality factor (Q_m) of 275.

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• An Analysis of Edge Chipping in LiTaO3 Wafer Grinding Using a Scratch Test and FEA Simulation
  Haeseong Hwang, Seungho Han, Hyunseop Lee
  Lubricants.2023; 11(7): 297.     CrossRef
• A generalized rule for phase transition generated by additives in piezoelectric ceramics
  Jae-Min Cha, Young-Kook Moon, Jung-hwan Kim, Hyun-Ae Cha, Jong-Jin Choi, Byung-Dong Hahn, Seog-Young Yoon, Cheol-Woo Ahn
  Materials Today Communications.2023; 37: 107290.     CrossRef
• Low-Temperature Sintering Properties of Bi2O3 Doped PZT-5H Piezoelectric Ceramics
  Wanzi Mao, Qing Xu, Duanping Huang, Huajun Sun, Feng Zhang, Xiaobin Xie
  Journal of Electronic Materials.2023; 52(5): 3334.     CrossRef
• Effect of LiBiO2 on low-temperature sintering of PZT-PZNN ceramics
  Sung Cheul Hong, Shi Yeon Kim, Dong-Hun Yeo, Hyo-Soon Shin, Zee Hoon Park, Sahn Nahm
  Journal of the Korean Ceramic Society.2022; 59(5): 638.     CrossRef
• Two-Stage De-binding for Cu Electrode Application to PZT-PZNN Multilayer Actuator
  Sung Cheul Hong, Zeehoon Park, Dong-Hun Yeo, Hyo-Soon Shin, Sahn Nahm
  Transactions on Electrical and Electronic Materials.2022; 23(4): 348.     CrossRef

Recent developments in the field of energy harvesting technology that convert ambient energy resources into electricity enable the use of self-powered energy systems in wearable and portable electronic devices without the need for additional external power sources. In particular, piezoelectric-effect-based flexible energy harvesters have drawn much attention because they can guarantee power generation from ubiquitous mechanical and vibrational movements. In response to demand for sustainable, permanent, and remote use of real-life personal electronics, many research groups have investigated flexible piezoelectric energy harvesters (f-PEHs) that employ nanoscaled piezoelectric materials such as nanowires, nanoparticles, nanofibers, and nanotubes. In those attempts, they have proven the feasibility of energy harvesting from tiny periodic mechanical deformations and energy utilization of f-PEH in commercial electronic devices. This review paper provides a brief overview of f-PEH devices based on piezoelectric nanomaterials and summarizes the development history, output performance, and applications.

Citations

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• Development and Characterization of Hafnium-Doped BaTiO3 Nanoparticle-Based Flexible Piezoelectric Devices
  HakSu Jang, Hyeon Jun Park, Gwang Hyeon Kim, Gyoung-Ja Lee, Jae-Hoon Ji, Donghun Lee, Young Hwa Jung, Min-Ku Lee, Changyeon Baek, Kwi-Il Park
  JOURNAL OF SENSOR SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY.2024; 33(1): 34.     CrossRef
• Enhanced Piezoelectric Performance of Composite Fibers Based on Lead-Free BCTZ Ceramics and P(VDF-TrFE) Piezopolymer for Self-Powered Wearable Sensors
  Sung Cheol Park, Chaeyoung Nam, Changyeon Baek, Min-Ku Lee, Gyoung-Ja Lee, Kwi-Il Park
  ACS Sustainable Chemistry & Engineering.2022; 10(43): 14370.     CrossRef
• A Comparison Study of Output Performance of Organic-Inorganic Piezoelectric Nanocomposite Made of Piezoelectric/Non-piezoelectric Polymers and BaTiO₃ Nanoparticles
  Dong Yeol Hyeon, Kwi-Il Park
  Journal of Korean Powder Metallurgy Institute.2019; 26(2): 119.     CrossRef
• Piezoelectric Flexible Energy Harvester Based on BaTiO3 Thin Film Enabled by Exfoliating the Mica Substrate
  Dong Yeol Hyeon, Kwi-Il Park
  Energy Technology.2019;[Epub]     CrossRef
• Piezoelectric Energy Harvesting from Two-Dimensional Boron Nitride Nanoflakes
  Gyoung-Ja Lee, Min-Ku Lee, Jin-Ju Park, Dong Yeol Hyeon, Chang Kyu Jeong, Kwi-Il Park
  ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces.2019; 11(41): 37920.     CrossRef

A powder injection molding process is developed and optimized for piezoelectric PAN-PZT ceramics. Torque rheometer experiments are conducted to determine the optimal solids loading, and the rheological property of the feedstock is evaluated using a capillary rheometer. Appropriate debinding conditions are chosen using a thermal gravity analyzer, and the debound specimens are sintered using sintering conditions determined in a preliminary investigation. Piezoelectric performance measures, including the piezoelectric charge constant and dielectric constant, are measured to verify the developed process. The average values of the measured piezoelectric charge constant and dielectric constant are 455 pC/N and 1904, respectively. Powder injection molded piezoelectric ceramics produced by the optimized process show adequate piezoelectric performance compared to press-sintered piezoelectric ceramics.

Citations

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• Study on Rheological Behavior and Mechanical Properties of PMN–PZT Ceramic Feedstock
  Jae Man Park, Jun Sae Han, Joo Won Oh, Seong Jin Park
  Metals and Materials International.2021; 27(5): 1069.     CrossRef
• Investigation of stainless steel 316L/zirconia joint part fabricated by powder injection molding
  Chang Woo Gal, Sang Soo Han, Jun Sae Han, Dongguo Lin, Seong Jin Park
  International Journal of Applied Ceramic Technology.2019; 16(1): 315.     CrossRef
• Fabrication of pressureless sintered Si3N4 ceramic balls by powder injection molding
  Chang Woo Gal, Gi Woung Song, Woon Hyung Baek, Hyung Kyu Kim, Dae Keun Lee, Ki Wook Lim, Seong Jin Park
  Ceramics International.2019; 45(5): 6418.     CrossRef
• Experimental analysis for fabrication of high-aspect-ratio piezoelectric ceramic structure by micro-powder injection molding process
  Jun Sae Han, Chang Woo Gal, Jae Man Park, Jong Hyun Kim, Seong Jin Park
  Materials Research Express.2018; 5(4): 046303.     CrossRef