Journal of Powder Materials

Research Articles

[English]
Fabrication and Thermal Conductivity of Boron Nitride Nano Barb/Acrylic Polymer Nanocomposites: Hyojeong Lee, Jiyeon Koo, Eunsu Park, Hyunjoo Choi; J Powder Mater. 2026;33(3):230-238. Published online June 30, 2026; DOI: https://doi.org/10.4150/jpm.2026.00143

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Abstract PDF: The effect of manual mortar-grinding pretreatment on the thermal and mechanical properties of Boron Nitride Nano Barb (BNNB)-filled acrylic polymer composites was investigated. Composites incorporated with 5 wt.% (≈3 vol.%) of either virgin or mechanically fractured (shattered) BNNB were fabricated via hot-pressing of a thermoplastic acrylic resin at 230°C under 96 MPa for 90 min. Vickers hardness increased from 20.4 HV for neat acrylic to 29.2 HV (+43.1%) for the shattered BNNB composite, which is attributed to the omnipresent activation of barb-mediated mechanical interlocking within the polymer matrix. Thermal conductivity improved by 18.1% and 34.7% relative to neat acrylic for the Acrylic/Virgin BNNB and Acrylic/Shattered BNNB composites, respectively. The superior thermal performance is attributed to a phonon bridging network formed through barb-mediated contact between dispersed BNNB fragments, supported by experimental values exceeding Lewis–Nielsen model predictions. These results demonstrate that simple manual grinding simultaneously enhances mechanical and thermal properties without chemical surface modification, offering a practical strategy for thermally conductive polymer composite design.

[English]
Heat-Treatment-Induced Deformation Shift in LPBF-Fabricated Heterogeneous Microstructured Al–Zn–Mg–Cu Alloys: Jungho Choe, Ji Hun Yu, Jina Kwak; J Powder Mater. 2026;33(3):184-194. Published online June 30, 2026; DOI: https://doi.org/10.4150/jpm.2026.00136

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Abstract PDF: This study investigated the effect of T6 heat treatment on the tensile properties and deformation behavior of heterogeneous microstructured Al–Zn–Mg–Cu alloys fabricated by laser powder bed fusion. In the as-built state, pronounced microstructural heterogeneity, including non-uniform precipitate distributions and solute segregation concentrated in the coarse columnar grain (CCG) regions, promoted strain localization within the fine equiaxed grain (FEG) regions. This architectural imbalance produced a high ratio of hetero-deformation-induced (HDI) stress to overall flow stress. T6 heat treatment induced solute homogenization and more uniform precipitation across the matrix, together with grain growth that largely eliminated the distinct ultrafine equiaxed grain zones. These changes caused a clear hardness reversal between the FEG and CCG regions, shifting strain localization toward the CCG regions. Consequently, although the absolute magnitude of HDI stress increased with the higher flow stress, its relative contribution decreased because of the homogenized architecture. Despite reduced uniform elongation caused by early necking, overall tensile ductility improved substantially through suppression of premature intergranular cracking in the FEG regions, clarifying the relationship between microstructural evolution and deformation behavior.

[English]
Phase Formation Behavior and Piezocatalytic Properties of Sodium Bismuth Titanate-Based Perovskite Fine Powders Prepared by Ultrasonic Spray Pyrolysis: Hee Yeon Jeon, Jae Min Park, Ju Eun You, Young-In Lee; J Powder Mater. 2026;33(3):239-248. Published online June 30, 2026; DOI: https://doi.org/10.4150/jpm.2026.00129

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Abstract PDF: Sodium bismuth titanate (Na0.5Bi0.5TiO3, NBT) is a representative lead-free piezoelectric ceramic with ferroelectric and piezoelectric properties, promising candidate for piezocatalytic applications driven by mechanical vibration. In this study, NBT-based perovskite fine powders were prepared by ultrasonic spray pyrolysis (USP), a continuous aerosol process based on droplet-level reaction control. The effect of pyrolysis temperature, varied from 700oC to 950oC, on phase formation and particle morphology was investigated. At lower temperatures, Bi-based secondary phases predominated, whereas the perovskite phase gradually developed with increasing temperature. The powder synthesized at 950oC exhibited a well-defined perovskite crystal structure with improved crystallinity. FE-SEM analysis showed that the powders consisted of spherical particles with an average size of approximately 750 nm, without severe interparticle agglomeration. EDS analysis confirmed a relatively homogeneous distribution of Na, Bi, Ti, and O, with Na-rich composition, consistent with Na-rich precursor condition. Piezoresponse force microscope (PFM) measurements verified the ferroelectric and piezoelectric responses of the powder synthesized at 950oC. In Rhodamine B degradation tests under probe-type ultrasonication, adding the NBT-based powder increased the reaction rate constant from 7.96×10-3 to 1.16×10-2 min-1. These results suggest that USP is a feasible continuous process for preparing NBT-based perovskite fine powders for lead-free piezocatalytic applications.

[English]
A Powder-Metallurgical Route to Ag₂(Te,S) Compounds and Their Thermoelectric Properties: Seungki Jo, Yoojeong Ji, Linh Ba Vu, Kyung Tae Kim; J Powder Mater. 2026;33(3):214-220. Published online June 30, 2026; DOI: https://doi.org/10.4150/jpm.2026.00122

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Abstract PDF: Silver chalcogenides have attracted considerable attention as promising materials for wearable power generation because they combine mechanical ductility with favorable thermoelectric properties. However, most reported synthesis methods rely on high-temperature melting and annealing, which offer limited microstructural control and therefore restrict opportunities for further performance improvement. In this study, Ag2S0.4Te0.6 compounds were synthesized through a powder-metallurgical route that combined mechanical alloying with rapid densification by spark plasma sintering. Ball milling produced amorphized microscale powders, which were successfully consolidated at different sintering temperatures. The sample sintered at 600 °C exhibited the highest power factor, mainly because of its optimized electrical transport properties, and achieved zT values of approximately 0.32 near room temperature and approximately 0.50 at 473 K. These results indicate that powder-metallurgical processing is a viable strategy for tailoring transport properties and improving the thermoelectric performance of silver chalcogenide materials for wearable applications.

[English]
Interfacial Characterization of Al₂O₃-Coated p-Type Bi–Sb–Te Powders by Thermal and UV-assisted Atomic Layer Deposition: Jin Kyeong Shin, Yeongtae Choi, Byung Joon Choi; J Powder Mater. 2026;33(3):221-229. Published online June 30, 2026; DOI: https://doi.org/10.4150/jpm.2026.00108

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Abstract PDF: Interface engineering is an effective strategy for enhancing thermoelectric performance by modulating carrier and phonon transport at interfaces. Atomic layer deposition (ALD), which enables uniform, conformal, and thickness-controlled coatings, is particularly well-suited for this purpose. In this study, p-type Bi0.35Sb1.6Te3 (BST) powders were coated with Al2O3 using thermal ALD and UV-assisted ALD (UV-ALD) at 85 °C. Scanning electron microscopy showed that neither process substantially altered the morphology of the BST powders. However, particle size analysis revealed that the UV-ALD sample exhibited a greater tendency toward partial agglomeration, which may be associated with the more pronounced OH-related band observed in the Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy results. Cs-corrected scanning transmission electron microscopy and energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy mapping revealed continuous Al₂O₃-based coating layers approximately 2–3 nm thick on the BST particle surfaces, forming a core–shell structure. Fast Fourier transform analysis suggested that the coating layers were amorphous, and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy indicated Al–O bond formation while the main chemical states of BST were preserved. These results demonstrate that both thermal ALD and UV-ALD can effectively deposit continuous amorphous Al₂O₃-based interfacial layers on BST powders, providing a structural basis for future studies of interface-engineered thermoelectric materials.

[English]
Ultra-Low Temperature Mechanical Response of Laser Powder Bed Fusion–Processed C-Containing CoCrFeMnNi High-Entropy Alloy: Jae-Yong Cheon, Seong-June Youn, Young-Sang Na, Young-Kyun Kim; J Powder Mater. 2026;33(3):195-202. Published online June 30, 2026; DOI: https://doi.org/10.4150/jpm.2026.00101

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Abstract PDF: This study examined the microstructure and tensile behavior, from room temperature to 4.2 K, of a carbon-containing CoCrFeMnNi high-entropy alloy (HEA) fabricated by laser powder bed fusion (LPBF). Microstructural analysis revealed that the LPBF-built HEA comprised a single face-centered cubic (FCC) phase and exhibited epitaxial grain growth along the build direction. Dislocation cell structures and Cr-rich carbides were also observed within the grains. Tensile testing demonstrated a monotonic increase in both yield strength and ultimate tensile strength with decreasing temperature, and the LPBF-fabricated HEA consistently exhibited higher strength than its wrought counterpart across the entire temperature range investigated. Deformation twins were identified in all tested specimens, with the twin fraction increasing markedly at 4.2 K. These findings suggest that the excellent mechanical performance of the LPBF-fabricated carbon-containing CoCrFeMnNi HEA under ultra-low-temperature conditions is attributable to the combined effects of process-inherent microstructural features and pronounced deformation twinning.

[English]
Microstructure, Magnetic Properties, and Performance of Fe-6.5Si Soft Magnetic Core Produced by Laser Powder Bed Fusion: Ji Sang Yoon, Yeon Woo Kim, Gyu Hyun Park, Youk Jin Kim, Sang Heon Lee, Jeong Seok Kim, Sung Ho Yu, Jeong Min Park; J Powder Mater. 2026;33(3):177-183. Published online June 30, 2026; DOI: https://doi.org/10.4150/jpm.2026.00094

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Abstract PDF: High-silicon electrical steels containing 6.5 wt.% Si (Fe-6.5Si) are promising materials for high-efficiency electric motors because of their high electrical resistivity and low core loss. However, the intrinsic brittleness of high-silicon steels limits their formability using conventional fabrication methods, such as cold rolling, pressure forming, and sintering, making it difficult to fabricate three-dimensional (3D) soft magnetic cores for axial-flux permanent magnet (AFPM) motors. Additive manufacturing has recently attracted attention as an effective approach for producing complex magnetic components. In particular, laser powder bed fusion (LPBF) enables the fabrication of geometrically complex structures through localized melting and rapid solidification of metal powders. During LPBF, rapid thermal cycling can generate unique microstructures that influence the magnetic properties of fabricated materials. In this study, Fe-6.5Si samples were fabricated using LPBF, and their microstructure and magnetic properties were investigated. In addition, a complex-shaped 3D core was successfully fabricated by LPBF, and the performance of an AFPM motor equipped with the LPBF-fabricated core was evaluated. The results show that the LPBF-fabricated core can provide superior performance-to-weight efficiency for lightweight motor applications.

[English]
Effect of Compositional Trade-off Between Cr and Mo on the Corrosion Resistance of Additively Manufactured Co-Cr-Fe-Ni-Mo High-Entropy Alloys: Jeongmin Lee, Yeonghwan Song, Jae Hyuk Lee, Sung-Jae Jo, Minho Shin, Hyunbin Lim, Soon-Jik Hong, Soo-Hyun Joo; J Powder Mater. 2026;33(2):137-144. Published online April 30, 2026; DOI: https://doi.org/10.4150/jpm.2026.00087

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Abstract PDF: In this study, the corrosion behavior of Co-Cr-Fe-Ni-Mo high-entropy alloys additively manufactured via direct energy deposition was investigated according to the compositional trade-off between Cr and Mo elements. Two distinct alloy compositions were fabricated by adjusting the feeding rate of two powders with different chemical compositions through a dual nozzle. Electrochemical testing in a 3.5 wt% NaCl solution revealed that the Cr-rich and Mo-lean alloy exhibited inferior corrosion resistance compared to the Cr-lean and Mo-rich alloy. Specifically, the corrosion potential of the Cr-rich and Mo-lean alloy shifted negatively by approximately 200 mV compared to the Cr-lean and Mo-rich alloy, accompanied by an increase in corrosion current density and the pronounced initiation of localized pitting. This deterioration is attributed to a lack of passivation caused by the small amount of Mo in the Cr-rich and Mo-lean alloy. The passive film of the Cr-lean and Mo-rich alloy was more robust, characterized by a higher concentration of Mo, which effectively inhibited pit propagation through repassivation. These findings demonstrate that maintaining a critical Cr-Mo balance is more vital for the electrochemical stability of additively manufactured high-entropy alloys than unilateral Cr enrichment.

[English]
Analysis of Sintering Behavior and Microstructure of Mo-Ta Alloy under Different Sintering Conditions: Byungheon Oh, Geon Kim, Jio Yoon, Dongju Lee; J Powder Mater. 2026;33(2):130-136. Published online April 30, 2026; DOI: https://doi.org/10.4150/jpm.2026.00080

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Abstract PDF: Molybdenum-tantalum (Mo-Ta) alloy sputtering targets are widely used in electronic applications owing to their excellent corrosion resistance, high thermal and electrical conductivity, and low electrical impedance. In this study, the sintering behavior and microstructural evolution of Mo-Ta alloys fabricated by spark plasma sintering (SPS) were investigated as a function of sintering temperature in the range of 1650-1800 °C. X-ray diffraction and microstructural analyses indicate that densification and alloying of the mixed Mo and Ta powders occur simultaneously during the SPS process. Increasing the sintering temperatures significantly enhances densification, and the compact sintered at 1750 °C achieves a relative density exceeding 99%, which is essential for high-quality sputtering target applications. The sintered alloys exhibit a clear temperature-dependent grain growth behavior together with a homogeneous microstructure and randomly oriented grains. These results demonstrate that appropriate control of sintering temperature enables the fabrication of dense and microstructurally uniform Mo-Ta alloys, providing valuable guidelines for optimizing sputtering target performance.

[English]
Influence of Ta Addition on Austenite Stability and Strain-Induced Martensite Transformation in Sintered Fe-7Mn Alloy: Seunghyeok Choi, Sungjin Kim, Junho Lee, Seok-Jae Lee; J Powder Mater. 2026;33(2):119-129. Published online April 30, 2026; DOI: https://doi.org/10.4150/jpm.2026.00066

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Abstract PDF: This study examines the effect of Ta addition on austenite stability and strain-induced martensitic transformation behavior in Fe–7Mn alloys fabricated by powder metallurgy. Fe–7Mn–xTa alloys (x = 0, 1, and 1.5 wt.%) were produced via mechanical alloying followed by spark plasma sintering, achieving nearly full relative density for all compositions. With increasing Ta content, the initial retained austenite fraction significantly increased, reaching 80.55 vol.% in the Fe–7Mn–1.5Ta alloy. EBSD analysis revealed a grain coarsening tendency with Ta addition, indicating that the increase in retained austenite fraction could not be explained solely by grain refinement. Compression tests up to 20% strain showed strain-induced martensitic transformation in all alloys, with substantially more pronounced transformation observed in the Fe–7Mn–1.5Ta alloy. The Burke–Matsumura–Tsuchida model showed that the austenite stability parameter (k), where higher values indicate lower stability, increased from 3.89 to 10.62 with Ta addition. Ta thus exhibits a dual effect: promoting retained austenite after sintering while reducing its deformation stability. The hardening efficiency per unit martensite fraction decreased with Ta content, and a preliminary correlation between k and hardening efficiency suggests that austenite stability governs the mechanical response of Fe–Mn-based alloys.

[Korean]
Effect of Powder Preparation Method on the Microstructural Characteristics of Sintered W-7Ni-3Cu Heavy Alloy: Youngmin Kim, Ji Young Kim, Minju Son, Wonyong Kwon, Eui Seon Lee, Sung-Tag Oh; J Powder Mater. 2026;33(2):113-118. Published online April 30, 2026; DOI: https://doi.org/10.4150/jpm.2026.00038

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Abstract PDF: The effect of powder characteristics and sintering temperature on the properties of W-7Ni-3Cu is investigated. The heavy alloy powders were prepared by ball milling and hydrogen reduction of elemental metal or metal oxide powders. Microstructural analysis revealed that the powder mixtures reduced by hydrogen at 800oC consist of a trace amount of Ni4W phase along with the metal W phase and Ni-Cu solid solution. Additionally, compared to metal powder, the powder mixture using oxide as raw material exhibited a relatively fine particle size. The W-7Ni-3Cu alloys sintered using oxide powders had relative density of over 99%, whereas the specimens using metal powders as a raw material showed relatively low values of 87.8~98.2%. The Vickers hardness of the sintered specimens using oxide powder was 3.34–3.92 GPa, which was higher than that of 2.39–3.22 GPa measured when using metal powders. The observed results can be attributed to the relatively high density and the reduced grain size.

Critical Review

[English]
X-Ray Imaging of Solid-State Sintering and Laser Powder Bed Fusion: A Review of Process Monitoring and Defect Evolution: Wonjun Cho, Woobin Cho, Seongheon Park, Donghwan Son, Insung Han; J Powder Mater. 2026;33(2):145-158. Published online April 30, 2026; DOI: https://doi.org/10.4150/jpm.2025.00479

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Abstract PDF: X-ray imaging has become essential for understanding powder-based metal processing. In solid-state sintering, synchrotron tomography reveals particle rearrangement, neck growth, and pore evolution, clarifying how packing heterogeneity and particle-size distribution govern densification. In laser powder bed fusion, high-speed radiography captures microsecond-scale melt-pool behavior, including keyhole dynamics, vapor-jet entrainment, spatter formation, and bubble-mediated porosity, thereby enabling mechanistic links between processing conditions and defect generation. Nonetheless, current X-ray methods face trade-offs between spatial and temporal resolution and often remain qualitative. Integrating operando imaging with physics-based simulations and machine-learning models offers a path toward quantitative prediction and real-time control. This review summarizes recent progress and highlights key challenges and opportunities for advancing operando characterization of powder-based metal processes.

Research Articles

[English]
The Optimization of L-PBF Process for Economical & High Performance Using SiO₂ Nanoparticle-Coated Non-Spherical Ti Powder: Taehu Kang, Ukju Gim, Sehun Kim, Jongik Lee, Sanghee Jeong, Jimin Han, Bin Lee; J Powder Mater. 2026;33(1):22-36. Published online February 28, 2026; DOI: https://doi.org/10.4150/jpm.2026.00024

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Abstract PDF: In laser powder bed fusion (L-PBF), a metal powder–based additive manufacturing process, pure titanium powders rely on expensive gas-atomized spherical powders, which poses a significant limitation of material cost. In contrast, non-spherical titanium powders are more cost-effective but their application in L-PBF is restricted their use due to poor flow property and high oxygen content. In this study, a powder mixing strategy with spherical titanium and hydrophobic SiO2 nanoparticle is proposed to improve the flowability and process stability of non-spherical Ti powders. After evaluating flow properties at various mixing ratios, a spherical-to-non-spherical Ti ratio of 4:6 was selected, with SiO2 nanoparticles added during mixing. The uniform distribution of oxide nanoparticles on the powder surfaces was confirmed by SEM and EDS. A maximum relative density of 99.7% was shown by specimens made with L-PBF under various processing parameters. The specimens obtained a tensile strength of 762.6 ± 3.8 MPa and an elongation of 22.1 ± 0.7% at a volumetric energy density of 71.4 J/mm³. This study demonstrates the application of low-cost non-spherical Ti powders in L-PBF is feasible and presents an effective way to simultaneously increase process stability and economic efficiency in titanium additive manufacturing.

[English]
Effect of Bimodal WC Particle Size Distribution on the Mechanical Properties of WC–Mo₂C–Co Cemented Carbides: Jinwoo Seok, Jong Tae Kim, Juree Jung, Bin Lee, Junhee Han, Leeseung Kang; J Powder Mater. 2026;33(1):13-21. Published online February 28, 2026; DOI: https://doi.org/10.4150/jpm.2025.00500

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Abstract PDF: In this study, the influence of bimodal WC particle size design on the microstructure and mechanical properties of WC–27 wt.% Mo₂C–10 wt.% Co cemented carbides was systematically investigated. Bimodal hard-phase designs were realized by combining ultrafine WC (300 nm) and coarse WC (1.8 μm) at various ratios, followed by consolidation via spark plasma sintering (SPS). During sintering, Mo₂C preferentially dissolved into the Co-rich liquid phase due to its higher solubility than WC, forming a Co–Mo–C liquid. During sintering progresses, ultrafine WC selectively dissolved owing to its high interfacial energy, gradually transforming the liquid composition into a Co–Mo–W–C system. Owing to the short holding time and rapid cooling rate of SPS, the η-phase (M₆C) formed during sintering remained metastable. Meanwhile, selective dissolution–reprecipitation resulted in the formation of Mo₂C-based core–rim structures with W enrichment in the rim region as (Mo, W)₂C. As the fraction of ultrafine WC increased, the hardness increased from 1769 to 1997 kgf/mm2, whereas the fracture toughness exhibited an insignificant difference from 6.56 to 6.65 MPa•m¹ᐟ². Fracture behavior analysis revealed that crack deflection and crack bridging occurred at the Mo₂C core–rim interfaces, effectively suppressing straight crack propagation. These results demonstrate that the introduction of ultrafine WC plays a dominant role in enhancing mechanical performance, and that bimodal WC design combined with Mo₂C addition is a highly effective strategy for developing high-performance cemented carbides for machining

[English]
Microstruture and Mechanical Properties of Ti.Grade12-Ti/TiN/WC Composite Produced by Spark Plasma Sintering Process: Hyun-Su Kim, Su-Gwan Lee, Dinh Van Cong, Jun-Seo Park, Ha-Seung Ryu, Jin-Chun Kim, Seung-Ick Lee; J Powder Mater. 2026;33(1):1-12. Published online February 28, 2026; DOI: https://doi.org/10.4150/jpm.2025.00486

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Abstract PDF: Ti.Grade12 is widely used in chemical processing, power generation, and nuclear industries because of its excellent corrosion resistance and mechanical strength, enhanced by alloying elements such as Ni and Mo. Ceramic reinforcements such as TiN have been reported to significantly improve the surface hardness and wear resistance of titanium-based materials. Furthermore, nano-sized WC particles can suppress excessive intermetallic compound formation and stabilize the Ti matrix through grain boundary pinning and microstructural control mechanisms. However, strong interfacial bonding between Ti and ceramic reinforcements generally requires high temperatures and prolonged sintering times, which may induce undesirable secondary phase formation. Therefore, optimizing the mixing ratio of Ti, TiN, and WC is essential to achieve a homogeneous interface and a stable composite structure. In this study, a composite layered structure was fabricated on a Ti.Grade12 substrate using mixed Ti, TiN, and nano-sized WC powders via Spark Plasma Sintering. A composition of 60 wt% Ti, 35 wt% TiN, and 5 wt% WC formed a stable coating layer without secondary phases and achieved a micro vickers hardness of approximately 2400 Hv.

[English]
Microstructure and Properties Comparison of Pure Cu and Cu-5 wt.% Al₂O₃ Composite Processed by Spark Plasma Sintering: Dinh Van Cong, Dong-Wan Lee, Su-Wan Lee, Nguyen Minh Thuyet, Nguyen Viet Hoang, Jin-Chun Kim; J Powder Mater. 2026;33(1):51-60. Published online February 28, 2026; DOI: https://doi.org/10.4150/jpm.2025.00472

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Abstract PDF: This study compares the microstructure and properties of pure Cu and Cu-5 wt.% Al2O3 composites fabricated by spark plasma sintering under strictly identical processing conditions at 800-1000 °C. Pure Cu samples achieved near-full densification and exhibited a bimodal grain structure dominated by coarse grains with increasing sintering temperature. In contrast, the composite samples showed lower density and non-monotonic densification behavior, with a minimum relative density at 900 oC and significantly refined equiaxed grains due to strong grain-boundary pinning by nano Al2O3 particles. The higher fractions of high-angle boundaries and pronounced orientation disruption were observed in the composite samples, while high-resolution analysis confirmed the presence of grain-boundary Al2O3-rich regions that restricted Cu grain coalescence and continuity of grain boundary migration. X-ray diffraction results confirmed the absence of reaction phases in both materials. Hardness peaked at 900 °C for both samples, and the composite samples showed consistently lower hardness due to retained porosity. The apparent electrical conductivity of the composite displays a non-linear temperature dependence, reflecting the competing influences of densification, microstructural recovery, and the insulating nature of Al2O3.

[Korean]
Enhancement of the Electrochemical Performance of SiOx Anodes by Al₂O₃ Coating via Powder Atomic Layer Deposition: Donggeon Shin, Yoonsoo Han; J Powder Mater. 2025;32(6):501-508. Published online December 31, 2025; DOI: https://doi.org/10.4150/jpm.2025.00416

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1 Citations

Abstract PDF

Silicon based anode materials offer high theoretical capacity but suffer from severe volume expansion and unstable interfacial properties during repeated lithiation and delithiation, resulting in rapid performance degradation. In this study, a thin aluminum oxide coating layer was deposited on Si/SiOx Carbon anode materials using a powder atomic layer deposition (PALD) process to address these limitations. EDS mapping and XRD analyses confirmed the uniform formation of an amorphous aluminum oxide coating with increasing thickness as the deposition cycles increased. Electrochemical evaluation showed that the electrode coated with 5 PALD cycles exhibited approximately 78% higher capacity retention after 100 cycles at 1 A g-1 and a higher initial Coulombic efficiency compared to the bare electrode. The coated electrode also delivered approximately 22% higher capacity at a high current density of 5 A g-1, indicating enhanced rate capability. Cyclic voltammetry analysis revealed increased surface controlled reaction contributions and improved reaction kinetics. These results demonstrate that PALD derived aluminum oxide coatings effectively stabilize the electrode electrolyte interface and enhance the electrochemical performance of silicon based anodes, highlighting their potential for next generation high capacity lithium ion batteries. generation high capacity lithium ion battery anode materials.

Citations

Citations to this article as recorded by

AlN-PVDF composite protective coating for stabilizing lithium metal anodes in lithium metal batteries
Seul Ki Choi, Yun Seung Nah, Minho Yang
Carbon Letters.2026;[Epub] CrossRef

[English]
Finite Element and Discrete Element Analyses of Anisotropic Powder Compaction for Axial Flux Motor Cores: Jeong Ah Lee, Do Won Lee, , Hyojeong Ha, Ki Hyuk Kwon, Eon Byeong Park, Taeyoung Kim, Hyoung Seop Kim; J Powder Mater. 2025;32(6):451-458. Published online December 31, 2025; DOI: https://doi.org/10.4150/jpm.2025.00409

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Abstract PDF

This study investigates the compaction behavior of anisotropic, plate-like powders used in axial flux motor cores through a combined FEM–DEM approach. A porous continuum FEM model captures stress and density evolution during die pressing, revealing strong gradients along the compaction direction, with higher stress and densification near the upper punch and reduced compaction in the lower region. Guided by these results, DEM simulations examine particle packing, orientation, and contact pressure in representative zones. The DEM analysis shows that higher local pressure promotes denser packing and in-plane particle alignment near the upper punch, while the lower region exhibits more random orientations and lower contact forces. As a result, the multi-scale FEM–DEM framework clarifies how anisotropic particle behavior governs local densification and offers practical guidance for die design and process optimization to achieve more uniform density and controlled magnetic-property-relevant particle alignment in axial flux motor cores.

Citations

Citations to this article as recorded by

Microstructure, Magnetic Properties, and Performance of Fe-6.5Si Soft Magnetic Core Produced by Laser Powder Bed Fusion
Ji Sang Yoon, Yeon Woo Kim, Gyu Hyun Park, Youk Jin Kim, Sang Heon Lee, Jeong Seok Kim, Sung Ho Yu, Jeong Min Park
Journal of Powder Materials.2026; 33(3): 177. CrossRef

[Korean]
Ultrafast Synthesis of Molybdenum Disulfide via Flashlamp Annealing: Chan Hyeon Yang, Jaehak Lee, Jung Hwan Park; J Powder Mater. 2025;32(6):509-516. Published online December 31, 2025; DOI: https://doi.org/10.4150/jpm.2025.00339

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Abstract PDF: This study presents the synthesis of molybdenum disulfide (MoS₂) using flashlamp annealing and provides a comprehensive investigation of its structural and physical properties. The proposed flash-induced approach enables rapid production of high-quality MoS₂, offering superior process efficiency compared to conventional synthesis techniques. The structural, electronic, and thermal characteristics of the synthesized MoS₂ were systematically examined using multiple analytical methods, with particular attention to how synthesis conditions influence layer structure, crystallinity, and defect density. The results indicate that MoS₂ produced through this method exhibits material properties suitable for high-performance electronic devices and energy storage applications. Moreover, this work demonstrates the potential of flash-induced synthesis for scalable and practical fabrication of MoS₂-based nanomaterials, thereby contributing to the broader advancement of transition metal dichalcogenide technologies across diverse nanotechnology applications.

[Korean]
Optimization of Mechanical Properties in WC–Mo₂C–Co Cemented Carbides via Dual Hard-Phase Based Heterogeneous Microstructure Design: Jinwoo Seok, Jong Tae Kim, Juree Jung, SongYi Kim, Bin Lee, Junhee Han, Leeseung Kang; J Powder Mater. 2025;32(5):428-436. Published online October 31, 2025; DOI: https://doi.org/10.4150/jpm.2025.00297

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1 Citations

Abstract PDF

WC–Mo₂C–Co cemented carbides were fabricated to investigate the effects of Mo₂C addition on microstructure and mechanical properties. Dual hard-phase design using WC and Mo₂C was employed to optimize the balance between hardness and toughness. Spark plasma sintering (SPS) was conducted at various temperatures after ball milling, and 1300 °C for 5 min was identified as the optimized sintering condition, achieving complete densification and phase stability. The addition of Mo₂C refined the microstructure by suppressing abnormal WC grain growth through preferential dissolution of Mo₂C into the Co binder. Hardness increased up to 1769 Hv30 due to grain refinement and solid-solution strengthening, while promoted η-phase formation and reduced fracture toughness.The 27Mo₂C composition exhibited the most balanced combination of hardness and toughness. These results demonstrate that controlled Mo₂C addition enables dual hard-phase strengthening and microstructure optimization in WC–Mo₂C–Co carbides for advanced cutting and forming applications.

Citations

Citations to this article as recorded by

Effect of Bimodal WC Particle Size Distribution on the Mechanical Properties of WC–Mo2C–Co Cemented Carbides
Jinwoo Seok, Jong Tae Kim, Juree Jung, Bin Lee, Junhee Han, Leeseung Kang
Journal of Powder Materials.2026; 33(1): 13. CrossRef

[English]
Enhancing the Dispersion Stability of Exfoliated MoS₂ Nanoflakes for Na^⁺ Intercalation: Jae Min Sung, Dong-Won Kyung, Ammad Ali, Kee-Ryung Park, Mi Hye Lee, Da-Woon Jeong, Bum Sung Kim, Haejin Hwang, Leeseung Kang, Yoseb Song; J Powder Mater. 2025;32(5):390-398. Published online October 31, 2025; DOI: https://doi.org/10.4150/jpm.2025.00255

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Abstract PDF: This study investigated the dispersion stability of exfoliated MoS₂ nanoflakes in various organic solvents and binary mixtures using a Turbiscan optical analyzer. Sedimentation behavior was quantitatively evaluated via transmittance variation (ΔT), backscattering variation (ΔBS), and the Turbiscan stability index (TSI). Alcohol-based solvents were categorized by hydrophilic-lipophilic balance values. Long-chain alcohols, such as 1-undecanol, showed increased stability due to high viscosity and strong hydrophobic affinity with MoS2 basal planes, while short-chain alcohols exhibited poor stabilization. Binary mixtures of isopropanol (IPA) and tetrahydrofuran (THF) were also assessed, with the 5:5 volume ratio showing the best stability profile, including the lowest TSI and minimal ΔT and ΔBS values. This improvement is attributed to synergistic interactions, as IPA stabilizes hydrophilic edge sites, while THF engages with hydrophobic basal surfaces. These findings highlight the importance of balancing physicochemical properties when selecting solvents to improve MoS2 dispersion for structural modification and electrocatalytic applications.

[Korean]
Synthesis and Morphology Control of Needle Type 513 MHSH and Mg(OH)₂ from Dolomite: Jiyeon Kim, HyunSeung Shim, Seong-Ju Hwang, YooJin Kim; J Powder Mater. 2025;32(5):399-405. Published online October 31, 2025; DOI: https://doi.org/10.4150/jpm.2025.00227

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Abstract PDF: 513 magnesium hydroxide sulfate hydrate (MHSH) and Mg(OH)₂ were synthesized by controlling the pH and concentration using a domestic resource, dolomite (CaMg(CO3)2), as the raw material. The MgSO₄ was extracted by treating dolomite with sulfuric acid under various conditions. Hexagonal plate-shaped Mg(OH)₂ and needle-like 513 MHSH were synthesized under the hydrothermal condition. The morphology of the synthesized materials was controlled by adjusting the pH (SO42-/OH- ratio) and hydrothermal reaction time. As the pH of the solution increased, the formation of plate-like structures became dominant, whereas lower pH values (higher SO42- concentration) led to needle-like forms. The results of the 513 MHSH, which was synthesized using reagents and sea bittern, are consistent with the synthesis conditions, and we observed changes in the length and aspect ratio of the needle-shaped structure in response to adjusting the hydrothermal reaction time.

[English]
Fabrication and Pore Characteristics of Metal Powder Filters with a Cross-Sealed Honeycomb Shape Using Material Extrusion Additive Manufacturing: Minji Kim, Min-Jeong Lee, Su-Jin Yun, Poong-Yeon Kim, Hyeon Ju Kim, Juyong Kim, Jung Woo Lee, Jung-Yeul Yun; J Powder Mater. 2025;32(4):299-308. Published online August 29, 2025; DOI: https://doi.org/10.4150/jpm.2025.00234

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Abstract PDF: The development of high-performance metal filters is essential for maintaining ultra-clean environments in semiconductor manufacturing. In this study, cross-sealed honeycomb filters were fabricated using STS316L powder via material extrusion additive manufacturing (MEAM) for semiconductor gas filtration. The effects of filter geometry (4 or 9 channels) and sintering temperature (850°C, 950°C, or 1,050°C) on performance were examined. First, 4-channel and 9-channel filters sintered at the same temperature (950°C) exhibited similar porosities of 50.08% and 50.57%, but the 9-channel filter showed a higher pressure-drop (0.26 bar) and better filtration-efficiency (3.55 LRV) than the 4-channel filter (0.19 bar and 3.25 LRV, respectively). Second, for filters with the same geometry (4-channel) increasing the sintering temperature reduced porosity from 64.52% to 40.33%, while the pressure-drop increased from 0.13 bar to 0.22 bar and filtration-efficiency improved from 2.53 LRV to 3.51 LRV. These findings demonstrate that filter geometry and sintering temperature are key factors governing the trade-off between air permeability, pressure-drop, and filtration efficiency. This work provides insights and data for optimizing MEAM-based high-performance metal powder filter design.

[English]
Cost-effective Fabrication of Near β-Ti Alloy via L-PBF: Process Optimization of In-situ Alloying Ti-3Fe: Sehun Kim, Ukju Gim, Taehu Kang, Jongik Lee, Sanghee Jeong, Jimin Han, Bin Lee; J Powder Mater. 2025;32(4):288-298. Published online August 29, 2025; DOI: https://doi.org/10.4150/jpm.2025.00213

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2 Citations

Abstract PDF

This study presents a cost-effective approach to fabricating near β-Ti alloys via in-situ alloying during laser powder bed fusion (L-PBF). A blend of non-spherical pure Ti, 3 wt.% Fe, and 0.1 wt.% SiO2 nanoparticles was used to induce β-phase stabilization and improve flowability. Twenty-five process conditions were evaluated across a volumetric energy density range of 31.75-214.30 J/mm3, achieving a maximum relative density of 99.21% at 89.29 J/mm3. X-ray diffraction analysis revealed that the β-Ti phase was partially retained at room temperature, accompanied by lattice contraction in the α’-Ti structure, indicating successful Fe incorporation. Elemental mapping confirmed that the Fe distribution was homogeneous, without significant segregation. Compared to pure Ti, the Ti-3Fe sample exhibited a 49.2% increase in Vickers hardness and notable improvements in yield and ultimate tensile strengths. These results demonstrate the feasibility of in-situ alloying with low-cost elemental powders to produce high-performance near β-Ti alloys using L-PBF.

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The Optimization of L-PBF Process for Economical & High Performance Using SiO2 Nanoparticle-Coated Non-Spherical Ti Powder
Taehu Kang, Ukju Gim, Sehun Kim, Jongik Lee, Sanghee Jeong, Jimin Han, Bin Lee
Journal of Powder Materials.2026; 33(1): 22. CrossRef
In-situ alloying of Ti-40Nb via L-PBF using non-spherical powders: Microstructure, mechanical properties and in vitro cytotoxicity
Sehun Kim, Byeongseon An, Jaesung Kwon, Aruem Han, Sekwon Oh, Yewon Han, Taehu Kang, Jongik Lee, Sanghee Jeong, Jimin Han, Yujin Rhee, Bin Lee
Journal of Alloys and Compounds.2026; 1079: 189935. CrossRef

[Korean]
The Recycling Process and Powderization Technology of Stellite 6 Scrap: A Thermodynamic and Heat Transfer Analysis: YongKwan Lee, Hyun-chul Kim, Myungsuk Kim, Soong Ju Oh, Kyoungtae Park, JaeJin Sim; J Powder Mater. 2025;32(4):330-343. Published online August 29, 2025; DOI: https://doi.org/10.4150/jpm.2025.00136

1,600 View
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1 Citations

Abstract PDF

Co-Cr alloys are widely used in cutting tools and turbine components due to their high strength and resistance against wear and corrosion. However, scrap generated during hardfacing is often discarded due to impurities and oxidation, and research on its recycling remains limited. This study aimed to optimize the recycling process of Stellite 6 scrap to reduce waste and minimize costs while maintaining material quality. Melting, casting, and powdering processes were designed using HSC Chemistry, FactSage, and COMSOL Multiphysics, with optimization of key parameters such as the crucible material and temperature control. The recycled alloy and powder were analyzed using X-ray fluorescence analysis, inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectroscopy, and X-ray diffractometry, showing mechanical and chemical properties comparable to commercial Stellite 6. The Co and Cr contents were maintained, with a slight increase in Fe. These findings demonstrate the potential for producing high-quality recycled Stellite 6 materials, contributing to the sustainable utilization of metal resources in high-performance applications.

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Fabrication and Thermal Conductivity of Boron Nitride Nano Barb/Acrylic Polymer Nanocomposites
Hyojeong Lee, Jiyeon Koo, Eunsu Park, Hyunjoo Choi
Journal of Powder Materials.2026; 33(3): 230. CrossRef

[English]
Enhanced Compressive Strength of Fired Iron Ore Pellets: Effects of Blending Fine and Coarse Particle Concentrates: Ngo Quoc Dung, Tran Xuan Hai, Nguyen Minh Thuyet, Nguyen Quang Tung, Arvind Barsiwal, Nguyen Hoang Viet; J Powder Mater. 2025;32(4):315-329. Published online August 29, 2025; DOI: https://doi.org/10.4150/jpm.2025.00129

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Abstract PDF: This study investigated the effects of oxidative firing parameters and raw material characteristics on the pelletization of Australian and Minh Son (Vietnam) iron ore concentrates. The influence of firing temperature (1050°C–1150°C) and holding time (15–120 min) on pellet compressive strength was examined, focusing on microstructural changes during consolidation. Green pellets were prepared using controlled particle size distributions and bentonite as a binder. Scanning electron microscopy and energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy analyses revealed that grain boundary diffusion, liquid phase formation, and densification significantly improved mechanical strength. X-ray diffraction confirmed the complete oxidation of magnetite to hematite at elevated temperatures, a critical transformation for metallurgical performance. Optimal firing conditions for both single and blended ore compositions yielded compressive strengths above 250 kgf/pellet, satisfying the requirements for blast furnace applications. These results provide valuable guidance for improving pellet production, promoting the efficient utilization of diverse ore types, and enhancing the overall performance of ironmaking operations.

[English]
Laser Processing of an Al_0.1CoCrFeNi High Entropy Alloy + Cu Composite Powders via Laser Powder Bed Fusion: Kwangtae Son, Ji-Woon Lee, Soon-Jik Hong, Somayeh Pasebani; J Powder Mater. 2025;32(4):277-287. Published online August 29, 2025; DOI: https://doi.org/10.4150/jpm.2025.00101

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Abstract PDF

This study examined process–structure relationships in laser powder bed fusion of Al₀.₁CoCrFeNi + Cu composites, focusing on densification, elemental distribution, and solidification cracking. Mechanically mixed Al₀.₁CoCrFeNi and Cu powders were processed across a range of laser powers (100–250 W) and scan speeds (200–800 mm/s). Increased volumetric energy density (VED) improved densification, with a plateau near 200 J/mm³ yielding ~96% relative density; however, this value was still below application-grade thresholds. At low VED, insufficient thermal input and short melt pool residence times promoted Cu segregation, while higher VED facilitated improved elemental mixing. Elemental mapping showed partial co-segregation of Ni with Cu at low energies. Solidification cracks were observed across all processing conditions. In high VED regimes, cracking exhibited a minimal correlation with segregation behavior and was primarily attributed to steep thermal gradients, solidification shrinkage, and residual stress accumulation. In contrast, at low VED, pronounced Cu segregation appeared to exacerbate cracking through localized thermal and mechanical mismatch.

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In-situ process monitoring and control of laser directed energy deposition using thermal imaging and computer vision
Saegis Abbott, Kassandra Hernandez, Ryan Bertelsen, Omid Hatami Farzaneh, Adam Bischoff, Doug Dingus, Dong Lin, Jesse Rodriguez, Devin J. Roach
Journal of Materials Research and Technology.2026; 42: 10851. CrossRef

[English]
The Effect of Aluminum Powder Size on the Structure and Mechanical Properties of Foam: Seunghyeok Choi, Sungjin Kim, Tae-Young Ahn, Yu-Song Choi, Jae-Gil Jung, Seung Bae Son, Seok-Jae Lee; J Powder Mater. 2025;32(3):232-243. Published online June 30, 2025; DOI: https://doi.org/10.4150/jpm.2025.00157

2,942 View
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4 Citations

Abstract PDF

In this study, we analyzed the structural and mechanical properties of aluminum foams fabricated using aluminum powders of varying sizes and mixtures. The effects of sintering and pore structure at each size on the integrity and mechanical properties of the foams were investigated. Structural characteristics were examined using scanning electron microscopy and micro–computed tomography, while mechanical properties were evaluated through compression testing. The experimental results demonstrated that smaller powder sizes improved foam integrity, reduced porosity and pore size, and resulted in thinner cell walls. In combination, these effects increased compressive strength as the powder size decreased. The findings of this study contribute to the understanding and improvement of the mechanical properties of aluminum foams and highlight their potential for use in a wide range of applications.

Citations

Citations to this article as recorded by

Sustainable Manufacturing of Graphene–Aluminum Composites: A Comparative Life Cycle Assessment
Xinwei Yang, Qian Peng, Changke Chen, Qingcui Liu, Yudai Huang
Journal of Sustainable Metallurgy.2026; 12(1): 727. CrossRef
Effect of powder size and sintering time on the induction sintering behavior of aluminum fabricated by UHFIS
Hıdır Sercan Çubuk
Turkish Journal of Engineering.2026; 10(2): 396. CrossRef
A Powder-Metallurgical Route to Ag2(Te,S) Compounds and Their Thermoelectric Properties
Seungki Jo, Yoojeong Ji, Linh Ba Vu, Kyung Tae Kim
Journal of Powder Materials.2026; 33(3): 214. CrossRef
Comparative Densification, Microstructure, and Mechanical Response of Five-Layer Al-Al2O3 Functionally Graded Materials Processed by Vacuum Sintering and Spark Plasma Sintering
Satyasaibaba Pitta, Ranga Janardhana Ginka, Balakrishna Bhanavathu
Journal of The Institution of Engineers (India): Series D.2026;[Epub] CrossRef

[Korean]
Development of Aluminum Alloys for Additive Manufacturing Using Machine Learning: Sungbin An, Juyeon Han, Seoyeon Jeon, Dowon Kim, Jae Bok Seol, Hyunjoo Choi; J Powder Mater. 2025;32(3):202-211. Published online June 30, 2025; DOI: https://doi.org/10.4150/jpm.2025.00150

1,422 View
59 Download
1 Citations

Abstract PDF

The present study introduces a machine learning approach for designing new aluminum alloys tailored for directed energy deposition additive manufacturing, achieving an optimal balance between hardness and conductivity. Utilizing a comprehensive database of powder compositions, process parameters, and material properties, predictive models—including an artificial neural network and a gradient boosting regression model, were developed. Additionally, a variational autoencoder was employed to model input data distributions and generate novel process data for aluminum-based powders. The similarity between the generated data and the experimental data was evaluated using K-nearest neighbor classification and t-distributed stochastic neighbor embedding, with accuracy and the F1-score as metrics. The results demonstrated a close alignment, with nearly 90% accuracy, in numerical metrics and data distribution patterns. This work highlights the potential of machine learning to extend beyond multi-property prediction, enabling the generation of innovative process data for material design.

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Predictive Control of Magnesium Content in Industrial 5182 Aluminum Alloy Recycling Using SCADA-Guided Gradient Boosting
Mengya Wang, Jiahui Xu, Xiaohu Wang, Farid Wirawan, Mouhamadou Aziz Diop
Journal of Materials Engineering and Performance.2026;[Epub] CrossRef

[English]
Self-Assembled Monolayers in Area-Selective Atomic Layer Deposition and Their Challenges: Si Eun Jung, Ji Woong Shin, Ye Jin Han, Byung Joon Choi; J Powder Mater. 2025;32(3):179-190. Published online June 30, 2025; DOI: https://doi.org/10.4150/jpm.2025.00094

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5 Citations

Abstract PDF

Area-selective atomic layer deposition (AS-ALD) is a bottom-up process that selectively deposits thin films onto specific areas of a wafer surface. The surface reactions of AS-ALD are controlled by blocking the adsorption of precursors using inhibitors such as self-assembled monolayers (SAMs) or small molecule inhibitors. To increase selectivity during the AS-ALD process, the design of both the inhibitor and the precursor is crucial. Both inhibitors and precursors vary in reactivity and size, and surface reactions are blocked through interactions between precursor molecules and surface functional groups. However, challenges in the conventional SAM-based AS-ALD method include thermal instability and potential damage to substrates during the removal of residual SAMs after the process. To address these issues, recent studies have proposed alternative inhibitors and process design strategies.

Citations

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Temperature-Dependent Surface Structural Change in Self-Assembled Monolayers Studied with Vibrational Sum-Frequency Generation and QM/MD Simulation
Hojeong Yoon, Saima Sadiq, Junhyeok Park, Kyungwon Kwak, Minhaeng Cho
The Journal of Physical Chemistry Letters.2026; 17(4): 1119. CrossRef
Vertically Aligned Micro‐ and Nanoneedles for Advanced Biomedical Applications: From Fabrication Strategies to Clinical Translation
Yerim Jang, Sowon Lee, Younghak Cho, Hyejeong Seong
Small Structures.2026;[Epub] CrossRef
Morphology dependent optical properties of inorganic–organic hybrid ZnO thin films
Saleem G. Rao, Muhammad B. Haider, Omar A. Saleh
The European Physical Journal Applied Physics.2026; 101: 5. CrossRef
Backbone‐Length‐Optimized Inhibitors Deliver Long‐Retention Selectivity in Area‐Selective ALD of VO2
Hae Lin Yang, Eun Chong Cho, Minchan Kim, Hye In Park, Ga‐young Lee, Seunghwan Lee, Beomseok Kim, Changhwa Jung, Youngkwon Kim, Jin‐Seong Park
Advanced Science.2026;[Epub] CrossRef
Inducing chemical selectivity in the atomic layer deposition (ALD) of oxide films via gas-phase silylation using N-(trimethylsilyl)dimethylamine (TMSDMA)
Mohammed Sadman Alam, Francisco Zaera
Applied Surface Science.2026; 746: 167569. CrossRef

[Korean]
Effect of Support Structure on Residual Stress Distribution in Ti-6Al-4V Alloy Fabricated by Laser Powder Bed Fusion: Seungyeon Lee, Haeum Park, Min Jae Baek, Dong Jun Lee, Jae Wung Bae, Ji-Hun Yu, Jeong Min Park; J Powder Mater. 2025;32(3):244-253. Published online June 30, 2025; DOI: https://doi.org/10.4150/jpm.2025.00087

1,867 View
54 Download
1 Citations

Abstract PDF

Ti-6Al-4V alloy is widely utilized in aerospace and medical sectors due to its high specific strength, corrosion resistance, and biocompatibility. However, its low machinability makes it difficult to manufacture complex-shaped products. Advancements in additive manufacturing have focused on producing high-performance, complex components using the laser powder bed fusion (LPBF) process, which is a specialized technique for customized geometries. The LPBF process exposes materials to extreme thermal conditions and rapid cooling rates, leading to residual stresses within the parts. These stresses are intensified by variations in the thermal history across regions of the component. These variations result in differences in microstructure and mechanical properties, causing distortion. Although support structure design has been researched to minimize residual stress, few studies have conducted quantitative analyses of stress variations due to different support designs. This study investigated changes in the residual stress and mechanical properties of Ti-6Al-4V alloy fabricated using LPBF, focusing on support structure design.

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Microstructure, Magnetic Properties, and Performance of Fe-6.5Si Soft Magnetic Core Produced by Laser Powder Bed Fusion
Ji Sang Yoon, Yeon Woo Kim, Gyu Hyun Park, Youk Jin Kim, Sang Heon Lee, Jeong Seok Kim, Sung Ho Yu, Jeong Min Park
Journal of Powder Materials.2026; 33(3): 177. CrossRef

[Korean]
Fabrication and Alloying Behavior of Ultra-Lightweight AlTiCrVMg High-Entropy Alloy via Al-Mg Mutual Solubility and Sintering Control: Eunhyo Song, Hansung Lee, Byungmin Ahn; J Powder Mater. 2025;32(3):254-261. Published online June 12, 2025; DOI: https://doi.org/10.4150/jpm.2025.00059

1,172 View
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1 Citations

Abstract PDF

High-entropy alloys (HEAs) incorporating low-melting-point elements (Mg and Al) and high-melting-point elements (Ti, Cr, and V) were fabricated via mechanical alloying and spark plasma sintering. Sintering temperatures were varied to investigate phase behavior and microstructural evolution. X-ray diffraction was used to identify phase structures, scanning electron microscopy to analyze microstructures, X-ray fluorescence to determine elemental composition, and a gas pycnometer to measure density. Micro-Vickers hardness testing was conducted to evaluate mechanical properties. Mechanical-alloyed HEAs exhibited a body-centered cubic (BCC) phase and lamellar structures with element-enriched regions. Sintering introduced additional BCC and Laves phases, while higher temperatures promoted Mg liquid-phase sintering, increasing density and hardness. This study highlights the effects of sintering on HEAs containing elements with differing melting points to optimize their properties.

Citations

Citations to this article as recorded by

Effect of annealing temperature on thermal expansion and cryogenic mechanical properties of low-thermal-expansion Co22.2Cr6.2Fe48.8Ni17.8Cu5.0 medium-entropy alloy
Wooyoung Lee, Munsu Choi, Sungwook Kim, Dae-Kyeom Kim, Myungsuk Song, Taek-Soo Kim, Jungwan Lee, Hyoung Seop Kim, Hyunjoo Choi, Soo-Hyun Joo
Materials Science and Engineering: A.2026; 954: 149811. CrossRef

[Korean]
Effect of Building Orientation on Tensile Properties of Hastelloy X alloy Manufactured by Laser Powder Bed Fusion: Seong-June Youn, GooWon Noh, Seok Su Sohn, Young-Sang Na, Young-Kyun Kim; J Powder Mater. 2025;32(2):131-137. Published online April 30, 2025; DOI: https://doi.org/10.4150/jpm.2025.00080

2,003 View
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1 Citations

Abstract PDF

In this study, the effect of build orientation on the mechanical properties of Hastelloy X fabricated by laser powder bed fusion (LPBF) process was investigated. Initial microstructural analysis revealed an equiaxed grain structure with random crystallographic orientation and annealing twins. Intragranular precipitates identified as Cr-rich M23C6 and Mo-rich M6C carbides were observed, along with a dense dislocation network and localized dislocation accumulation around the carbides. Mechanical testing showed negligible variation in yield strength with respect to build orientation; however, both ultimate tensile strength and elongation exhibited a clear increasing trend with higher build angles. Notably, the specimen built at 90° exhibited approximately 22% higher tensile strength and more than twice the elongation compared to the 0° specimen.

Citations

Citations to this article as recorded by

Ultra-Low Temperature Mechanical Response of Laser Powder Bed Fusion–Processed C-Containing CoCrFeMnNi High-Entropy Alloy
Jae-Yong Cheon, Seong-June Youn, Young-Sang Na, Young-Kyun Kim
Journal of Powder Materials.2026; 33(3): 195. CrossRef

[English]
Ultra-Low-Temperature (4.2 K) Tensile Properties and Deformation Mechanism of Stainless Steel 304L Manufactured by Laser Powder Bed Fusion: Seung-Min Jeon, Young-Sang Na, Young-Kyun Kim; J Powder Mater. 2025;32(2):95-103. Published online April 30, 2025; DOI: https://doi.org/10.4150/jpm.2025.00066

3,164 View
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7 Citations

Abstract PDF

This study investigated the ultra-low-temperature (4.2 K) tensile properties and deformation mechanisms of stainless steel 304L manufactured via laser powder bed fusion (LPBF). The tensile properties of LPBF 304L were compared to those of conventional 304L to assess its suitability for cryogenic applications. The results revealed that LPBF 304L exhibited a significantly higher yield strength but lower ultimate tensile strength and elongation than conventional 304L at 4.2 K. The temperature dependence of the yield strength also favored LPBF 304L. Microstructural analysis demonstrated that LPBF 304L features a high density of dislocation cells and nano-inclusions, contributing to its greater strength. Furthermore, strain-induced martensitic transformation was observed as a key deformation mechanism at cryogenic temperatures, where austenite transformed into both hexagonal-closed packed (HCP) and body-centered cubic (BCC) martensite. Notably, BCC martensite nucleation occurred within a single HCP band. These findings provide critical insights into the mechanical behavior of LPBF 304L at cryogenic temperatures and its potential for applications in extreme environments.

Citations

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A strong and ductile nano/micro titanium carbide reinforced metastable austenitic steel at 4.2 K
Young-Kyun Kim, Sang Hun Shim, Young-Sang Na
Journal of Materials Science & Technology.2027; 278: 286. CrossRef
Extremely low-temperature tensile behavior of 316L stainless steel additively manufactured by laser powder bed fusion
Haeum Park, Heechan Jung, Min Young Sung, Young-Kyun Kim, Jaimyun Jung, Yoona Lee, Namhyun Kang, Kyung Tae Kim, Young-Sang Na, Seok Su Sohn, Jeong Min Park
Materials Science and Engineering: A.2026; 950: 149460. CrossRef
Twinning- and transformation-induced high cryogenic strength and ductility of the CoCrFeNi high-entropy alloy: Experiment and MD simulation
Yuze Wu, Zhide Li, Charlie Kong, M.W. Fu, Hailiang Yu
International Journal of Plasticity.2026; 196: 104553. CrossRef
Microstructure, cryogenic tensile and fracture behavior of laser welded Co17.5Cr12.5Fe55Ni10Mo5 complex concentrated alloy
Jae Hyuk Lee, Jeongmin Lee, Hidemi Kato, Seungkyun Yim, Dongkyoung Lee, Gian Song, Jeong Hun Lee, Dong Jun Lee, Young-Kyun Kim, Young-Sang Na, Hyoung Seop Kim, Jongun Moon, Soo-Hyun Joo
Materials Science and Engineering: A.2026; 960: 150106. CrossRef
Origin of little post-uniform elongation of 304L/310S austenitic stainless steels at extremely low temperatures
Seon-Keun Oh, Young-Kyun Kim, Young-Sang Na
Materials Science and Engineering: A.2026; 961: 150161. CrossRef
Ultra-Low Temperature Mechanical Response of Laser Powder Bed Fusion–Processed C-Containing CoCrFeMnNi High-Entropy Alloy
Jae-Yong Cheon, Seong-June Youn, Young-Sang Na, Young-Kyun Kim
Journal of Powder Materials.2026; 33(3): 195. CrossRef
Understanding the unique appearance behavior of shear bands during tensile deformation of α-brass at 4.2 K
Seon-Keun Oh, Sang-Hun Shim, Young-Kyun Kim, Young-Sang Na
Materials Science and Engineering: A.2025; 945: 148989. CrossRef

[Korean]
Effect of Cellulose Fiber Density Variation on Energy Harvesting Performance in a Hydrovoltaic Generator: Seung-Hwan Lee, So Hyun Baek, Hyun-Woo Lee, Yongbum Kwon, Kanghyuk Lee, Kee-Ryung Park, Yoseb Song, Bum Sung Kim, Ji Young Park, Yong-Ho Choa, Da-Woon Jeong; J Powder Mater. 2025;32(2):113-121. Published online April 30, 2025; DOI: https://doi.org/10.4150/jpm.2025.00052

1,920 View
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1 Citations

Abstract PDF

Energy harvesting has become a crucial technology for sustainable energy solutions; in particular, the utilization of ambient water movement in hydrovoltaic generators has emerged as a promising approach. However, optimizing performance requires an understanding of structural factors affecting energy harvesting, particularly capillary effects. This study aimed to improve hydrovoltaic generator performance by adjusting internal fiber density, which influences water transport and ion mobility. Using cold isostatic pressing, cellulose acetate (CA) loading in a urethane mold was varied to optimize internal density. As CA loading increased, the fiber arrangement became denser, narrowing capillary pathways and reducing proton mobility. While open-circuit voltage (VOC) remained stable, short-circuit current (ISC) decreased with higher CA mass. The sample with a loading of 0.3 g exhibited the highest energy harvesting efficiency, achieving ISC = 107.2 μA, VOC = 0.15 V, and power (P) = 16.7 μW. This study provides insights into methods of improving hydrovoltaic generator efficiency through internal structural modifications.

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Hydrovoltaic Electricity Generators: A Comprehensive Overview of Chemical and Architectural Designs
Kaiying Zhao, Shengyou Li, Minji Kwon, Gwanho Kim, EunAe Shin, Guangtao Zan, Cheolmin Park
Chemical Reviews.2026; 126(7): 4237. CrossRef

[English]
Stretch-Flangeability of Laser Powder Bed Fusion-Processed 316L Stainless Steel: Rae Eon Kim, Yeon Taek Choi, Sang Guk Jeong, Do Won Lee, Hyoung Seop Kim; J Powder Mater. 2025;32(2):87-94. Published online April 30, 2025; DOI: https://doi.org/10.4150/jpm.2025.00017

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Abstract PDF Supplementary Material: Metal additive manufacturing (AM) facilitates the production of complex geometries with enhanced functionality. Among various AM techniques, laser powder bed fusion (LPBF) is distinguished by its precision and exceptional mechanical properties achieved via laser fusion deposition. Recent advancements in AM have focused on combining LPBF with post-processing methods such as cold rolling, high-pressure torsion, and forming processes. Therefore, understanding the forming behavior of LPBF-processed materials is essential for industrial adoption. This study investigates the stretch-flangeability of LPBF-fabricated 316L stainless steel, emphasizing its anisotropic microstructure and mechanical properties. Hole expansion tests were employed to assess stretch-flangeability in comparison to wrought 316L stainless steel. The results demonstrate that LPBF-processed samples exhibit significant anisotropic behavior, demonstrating the influence of microstructural evolution on formability. These findings contribute valuable insights into optimizing LPBF materials for industrial forming applications.

[Korean]
Friction Stir Spot Welding Characteristics of Dissimilar Materials of Aluminum-Based Damping Composites and Steel Plates: Si-Seon Park, Young-Keun Jeong; J Powder Mater. 2025;32(1):43-49. Published online February 28, 2025; DOI: https://doi.org/10.4150/jpm.2025.00010

1,213 View
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Abstract PDF: Friction Stir Spot Welding (FSSW) is a solid-state welding technology that is rapidly growing in the automotive industry. Achieving superior welding characteristics requires the proper selection of tool geometry and process conditions. In this study, FSSW was performed on dissimilar materials comprising AA5052-HO/hot-melt aluminum alloy sheets and Steel Plate Cold Rolled for Deep Drawing Use(SPCUD) steel sheets. The effects of tool geometry, plate arrangement, and tool plunge depth on the welding process were investigated. At the joint interface between the aluminum alloy and the steel sheet, new intermetallic compounds (IMCs) were observed. As the plunge depth increased, thicker and more continuous IMC layers were formed. However, excessive plunge depth led to discontinuous layers and cracking defects. An analysis of the IMCs revealed a correlation between the IMC thickness and the shear tensile load. Furthermore, compared to the conventional Al-Top arrangement, the St-Top arrangement exhibited reduced deformation and superior shear tensile load values. These findings indicate that plate arrangement significantly influences the mechanical properties of the joint.

[Korean]
Effect of Hatch Spacing on the Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of SA508 Gr.3 Steel Fabricated by Laser Powder Bed Fusion: Yuanjiu Huang, Ho Jin Ryu, Kee-Ahn Lee; J Powder Mater. 2025;32(1):50-58. Published online February 28, 2025; DOI: https://doi.org/10.4150/jpm.2024.00479

1,871 View
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1 Citations

Abstract PDF

This study investigated the effect of the hatch spacing parameter on the microstructure and mechanical properties of SA508 Gr.3 steel manufactured by laser powder bed fusion (L-PBF) for a nuclear pressure vessel. Materials were prepared with varying hatch spacing (0.04 mm [H4] and 0.06 mm [H6]). The H4 exhibited finer and more uniformly distributed grains, while the H6 showed less porosity and a lower defect fraction. The yield strength of the H4 material was higher than that of the H6 material, but there was a smaller difference between the materials in tensile strength. The measured elongation was 5.65% for the H4 material and 10.41% for the H6 material, showing a significantly higher value for H6. An explanation for this is that although the H4 material had a microstructure of small and uniform grains, it contained larger and more numerous pore defects than the H6 material, facilitating stress concentration and the initiation of microcracks.

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Extremely low temperature mechanical behavior of in-situ oxide containing 304L stainless steel fabricated by laser powder bed fusion
Kwangtae Son, Seung-Min Jeon, Brian K. Paul, Young-Sang Na, Kijoon Lee, Young-Kyun Kim
Journal of Materials Science & Technology.2025; 234: 319. CrossRef

[Korean]
3D-Printed Stretchable Electrodes Enabled by a Titanium/Acrylamide-Based Hydrogel Nanocomposite: Se Jin Choi, Han Eol Lee; J Powder Mater. 2025;32(1):67-72. Published online February 28, 2025; DOI: https://doi.org/10.4150/jpm.2024.00465

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Abstract PDF: Wearable electronics have been the focus of considerable interest in various fields, such as human-machine interfaces, soft robotics, and medical treatments, due to their flexibility, stretchability, and light weight. To address the shortcomings of existing metal thin film-based wearable devices, stretchable conductive polymers have been developed. In particular, double networking hydrogels are being actively studied as a polymer with a three-dimensional stereoscopic structure that can be patterned. Nonetheless, they have shortcomings such as poor electrical properties and cumbersome manufacturing processes, making it difficult to apply them in electronic devices. Herein, we report 3D-printed stretchable electrodes enabled by a titanium/polyacrylamide-alginate-based hydrogel nanocomposite. This research suggests the strategy for resolving the challenges of high costs and complex fabrication processes associated with stretchable electrode, providing a solution to accelerate the commercialization of wearable electronic devices.

[Korean]
Optimized Process and Mechanical and Electrical Analysis of Polyimide/Pb(Zr,Ti)O₃-Based Flexible Piezoelectric Composites: Junki Lee, Sang-il Yoon, Hyunseung Kim, Chang Kyu Jeong; J Powder Mater. 2025;32(1):16-22. Published online February 28, 2025; DOI: https://doi.org/10.4150/jpm.2024.00444

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Abstract PDF: Piezoelectric composites have attracted significant research interest as sustainable power sources for electronic devices due to their high mechanical stability and electrical output characteristics. This study investigated the optimal processing conditions for fabricating a flexible piezoelectric energy harvester based on Pb(Zr,Ti)O₃ (PZT) powder and a polyimide (PI) matrix composite. Various parameters, including the optimal mixing ratio of PI/PZT, ultrasonic treatment, homogenization, vacuum oven, and UV/O₃ treatment, were optimized to achieve a uniform piezoelectric composite. A PZT content of 30 wt% and 20 minutes of homogenization were identified as the most effective conditions for increasing the uniformity of the composite. The optimized composite exhibited a high piezoelectric coefficient, a typical P-E hysteresis loop, and dielectric properties, exhibiting a voltage output that adjusts in response to variations in the applied touch force. This study provides foundational data for the uniform fabrication of flexible piezoelectric energy harvesters and next-generation miniaturized electronic devices.

Critical Review

[English]
Recent Advances in Thermoelectric Materials and Devices: Improving Power Generation Performance: Momanyi Amos Okirigiti, Cheol Min Kim, Hyejeong Choi, Nagamalleswara Rao Alluri, Kwi-Il Park; J Powder Mater. 2025;32(1):1-15. Published online February 28, 2025; DOI: https://doi.org/10.4150/jpm.2024.00395

12,009 View
270 Download
9 Citations

Abstract PDF

Thermoelectric materials have been the focus of extensive research interest in recent years due to their potential in clean power generation from waste heat. Their conversion efficiency is primarily reflected by the dimensionless figure of merit, with higher values indicating better performance. There is a pressing need to discover materials that increase output power and improve performance, from the material level to device fabrication. This review provides a comprehensive analysis of recent advancements, such as Bi2Te3-based nanostructures that reduce thermal conductivity while maintaining electrical conductivity, GeTe-based high entropy alloys that utilize multiple elements for improved thermoelectric properties, porous metal-organic frameworks offering tunable structures, and organic/hybrid films that present low-cost, flexible solutions. Innovations in thermoelectric generator designs, such as asymmetrical geometries, segmented modules, and flexible devices, have further contributed to increased efficiency and output power. Together, these developments are paving the way for more effective thermoelectric technologies in sustainable energy generation.

Citations

Citations to this article as recorded by

State-of-the-art research in conducting polymer thermoelectric composites: Design strategies, doping innovations, and emerging technologies
Vilakshana Acharya, Shivani Verma, Seema Gupta, Gaurav Pandey, Aanchal Sethi, Pooja Rawat
Journal of Applied Physics.2026;[Epub] CrossRef
A Powder-Metallurgical Route to Ag2(Te,S) Compounds and Their Thermoelectric Properties
Seungki Jo, Yoojeong Ji, Linh Ba Vu, Kyung Tae Kim
Journal of Powder Materials.2026; 33(3): 214. CrossRef
Interfacial Characterization of Al2O3-Coated p-Type Bi–Sb–Te Powders by Thermal and UV-assisted Atomic Layer Deposition
Jin Kyeong Shin, Yeongtae Choi, Byung Joon Choi
Journal of Powder Materials.2026; 33(3): 221. CrossRef
Design and optimization of all-segmented thermoelectric legs based on Bi2Te3 and SnTe for wide-range energy harvesting
Hyejeong Choi, Momanyi Amos Okirigiti, Nagamalleswara Rao Alluri, Jong Min Park, Donghyun Shin, Ho Seong Lee, Kyung Tae Kim, Changyeon Baek, Min-Ku Lee, Gyoung-Ja Lee, Kwi-Il Park
Journal of Power Sources.2026; 691: 240981. CrossRef
Mathematical and simulation modeling of photovoltaic systems utilizing thermoelectric modules for effective thermal management
Muhammad Sohaib Tahir, Xue Dong, Muhammad Mansoor Khan
Results in Engineering.2025; 27: 106344. CrossRef
Summary of Publications in the Special Issue: Advances in Corrosion Resistant Coatings
Yong X. Gan
Coatings.2025; 15(11): 1350. CrossRef
Standard Reference Thermoelectric Modules Based on Metallic Combinations and Geometric Design
EunA Koo, Hanhwi Jang, SuDong Park, Sang Hyun Park, Sae-byul Kang
Applied Sciences.2025; 15(18): 10273. CrossRef
Research Trends in Magneto-Mechano-Electric (MME) Energy Harvesting Devices
So Ie Jeong, Geon-Tae Hwang
Journal of Powder Materials.2025; 32(6): 529. CrossRef
Transient In-Situ Identification of Thermal Parameters in Commercial Thermoelectric Modules using Transfer-Function Models
Gurum Ahmad Pauzi, Irfan Alfiansyah, Agus Riyanto, Donni Kis Apriyanto, Yanti Yulianti, Warsito Warsito
Jurnal Ilmiah Pendidikan Fisika Al-Biruni.2025; 14(2): 187. CrossRef

Research Articles

[English]
Effect of the Cross-rolling Process on the Microstructures and Mechanical Properties of 9Cr-1W ODS Steel: Bu-An Kim, Sanghoon Noh; J Powder Mater. 2025;32(1):37-42. Published online February 28, 2025; DOI: https://doi.org/10.4150/jpm.2024.00332

1,652 View
34 Download
1 Citations

Abstract PDF

This study employed a cross-rolling process to fabricate oxide dispersion strengthened (ODS) steel plates and investigated their microstructures and mechanical properties. The 9Cr-1W ODS ferritic steel was fabricated using mechanical alloying and hot isostatic pressing. The hot cross-rolling process produced thick ODS ferritic steel plates with a well-extended rectangular shape. The working direction greatly affected the grain structure and crystal texture of the ODS ferritic steel. Cross-rolled plates showed fine micro-grains with random crystal orientation, while unidirectionally rolled plates exhibited a strong orientation with larger, elongated grains. Transmission electron microscopy revealed a uniform distribution of nano-oxide particles in both rolling methods, with no major differences. Tensile tests of the ODS ferritic steel plates showed that the unidirectional rolled plates had anisotropic elongation, while cross-rolled plates exhibited isotropic behavior with uniform elongation. Cross-rolling produced finer, more uniform grains, reducing anisotropy and improving mechanical properties, making it ideal for manufacturing wide ODS steel components.

Citations

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Transverse Cold Rolling-Induced Microstructural Modification and Mechanical and Electrochemical Responses of UNS S32304 Lean Duplex Stainless Steel
Victor Hugo Mafra Monfredo Ferreira, Arthur Ecard Guimarães, Mauricio dos Santos Azevedo, Guilherme Yuuki Koga, Ivan Napoleão Bastos, Luis Cesar Rodríguez Aliaga, Leandro de Amorim Ratamero, Francisco Gil Coury, Verona Biancardi Aguiar
Journal of Materials Engineering and Performance.2026;[Epub] CrossRef

[English]
Design of Conductive Inks Containing Carbon Black and Silver Nanowires for Patternable Screen-Printing on Fabrics: Seokhwan Kim, Geumseong Lee, Jinwoo Park, Dahye Shin, Ki-Il Park, Kyoung Jin Jung, Yuho Min; J Powder Mater. 2024;31(6):500-507. Published online December 31, 2024; DOI: https://doi.org/10.4150/jpm.2024.00409

3,622 View
81 Download
1 Citations

Abstract PDF

This study developed conductive inks composed of carbon black (CB) and silver nanowires (Ag NWs) for cost-effective screen-printing on fabrics. The Ag NW density within the CB matrix was precisely controlled, achieving tunable electrical conductivity with minimal Ag NW usage. The resulting inks were successfully patterned into shapes such as square grids and circles on textile surfaces, demonstrating excellent conductivity and fidelity. Adding 19.9 wt% Ag NWs reduced sheet resistance by ~92% compared to CB-only inks, highlighting the effectiveness and potential of this hybrid approach for cost-effective, high-performance textile-based electronics. The one-dimensional morphology of Ag NWs facilitated the formation of conductive percolation networks, creating efficient electron pathways within the CB matrix even at low loadings. This work advances the field of CB-based conductive inks and provides a scalable and practical method for producing functional, patterned electronic textiles.

Citations

Citations to this article as recorded by

Multifunctional Screen-Printed Conductive Inks: Design Principles, Performance Challenges, and Application Horizons
Nahid Islam, Manisha Das, Bashir Ahmed Johan, Syed Shaheen Shah, Atif Saeed Alzahrani, Md. Abdul Aziz
ACS Applied Electronic Materials.2025; 7(16): 7503. CrossRef

[English]
High-Temperature Steam Oxidation Behavior of Silicide- or Aluminide- Coated Mo and Nb Refractory Metals: Woojin Lim, Je-Kyun Baek, JaeJoon Kim, Hyun Gil Kim, Ho Jin Ryu; J Powder Mater. 2024;31(6):546-555. Published online December 31, 2024; DOI: https://doi.org/10.4150/jpm.2024.00381

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Abstract PDF: Refractory materials, such as molybdenum and niobium, are potential candidates for cladding material due to their high melting temperatures and desirable mechanical properties at higher temperatures than those of zirconium alloys. However, refractory materials have low resistance to oxidation at elevated temperatures. Therefore, this study examined silicide or aluminide surface coatings as protection against rapid oxidation of refractory materials at elevated temperatures for a potential accident-tolerant fuel cladding. Silicide or aluminide layers were formed on refractory metal substrates by using the pack cementation method. The steam oxidation behavior of both coated and uncoated samples was compared by thermogravimetric analysis at 1200°C. The weight changes of the coated samples were greatly reduced than those of uncoated samples. Microstructural analyses demonstrated that the silicide and aluminide layers were oxidized to form a protective surface oxide that prevented rapid oxidation of the refractory substrate at elevated temperatures.

[Korean]
Fabrication of SiC_f/SiC Composites with a BN Interphase Prepared by the Wet Method: Kyung Ho Kim, Yoonsoo Han; J Powder Mater. 2024;31(6):530-536. Published online December 31, 2024; DOI: https://doi.org/10.4150/jpm.2024.00339

1,522 View
34 Download

Abstract PDF: This study presents a cost-effective wet chemical coating process for fabricating a boron nitride (BN) interphase on silicon carbide (SiC) fibers, increasing the oxidation resistance and performance of SiCf/SiC ceramic matrix composites. Using urea as a precursor, optimal nitriding conditions were determined by adjusting the composition, concentration, and immersion time. X-ray diffraction analysis revealed distinct BN phase formation at 1300°C and 1500°C, while a mixture of BN and B₂O₃ was observed at 1200°C. HF treatment improved coating uniformity by removing SiO₂ layers formed during the de-sizing process. Optimization of the boric acid-to-urea molar ratio resulted in a uniform, 130-nm-thick BN layer. This study demonstrates that the wet coating process offers a viable and economical alternative to chemical vapor deposition for fabricating high-performance BN interphases in SiCf/SiC composites that are suitable for high-temperature applications.

Critical Reviews

[English]
Advances in Powder Metallurgy for High-Entropy Alloys: Sheetal Kumar Dewangan, Cheenepalli Nagarjuna, Hansung Lee, K. Raja Rao, Man Mohan, Reliance Jain, Byungmin Ahn; J Powder Mater. 2024;31(6):480-492. Published online December 31, 2024; DOI: https://doi.org/10.4150/jpm.2024.00297

8,785 View
203 Download
8 Citations

Abstract PDF

High-entropy alloys (HEAs) represent a revolutionary class of materials characterized by their multi-principal element compositions and exceptional mechanical properties. Powder metallurgy, a versatile and cost-effective manufacturing process, offers significant advantages for the development of HEAs, including precise control over their composition, microstructure, and mechanical properties. This review explores innovative approaches integrating powder metallurgy techniques in the synthesis and optimization of HEAs. Key advances in powder production, sintering methods, and additive manufacturing are examined, highlighting their roles in improving the performance, advancement, and applicability of HEAs. The review also discusses the mechanical properties, potential industrial applications, and future trends in the field, providing a comprehensive overview of the current state and future prospects of HEA development using powder metallurgy.

Citations

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Effect of Pressure and Temperature on the Microstructure and Vickers Microhardness of the CoCrFeMnNiAl1.5 Alloy During Conventional Sintering and High-Frequency Induction Sintering
Leonardo Baylón García, José Manuel Mendoza Duarte, Ivanovich Estrada Guel, Audel Santos Beltrán, Hansel Manuel Medrano Prieto, Gustavo Rodríguez Cabriales, Enrique Rocha Rangel, José Luis Hernández Rivera, Roberto Martínez Sánchez, Alfredo Martínez Garcí
Coatings.2026; 16(3): 275. CrossRef
Sustainable powder metallurgy route to Densify oxide-derived CoCrFeNi high-entropy alloy
Taehyeob Im, Minjong Kim, Gertrude Mugwe Mongella, Nelson Bayi, Caroline Sunyong Lee
Materials Today Sustainability.2026; 34: 101330. CrossRef
Review on the impact of processing routes and external factors on phase formation and tribological properties of CoCrFeMnNi HEAs
Rituraj Chandrakar, Om Prakash, Anil Kumar, Ankur Jaiswal, Manish Kumar
Emergent Materials.2026;[Epub] CrossRef
Reinforcing High-Entropy Alloy Composites and Exploring the Impacts of Various Reinforcement Fillers on Microstructure and Mechanical Characterizations: A Comprehensive Review
Zary Adabavazeh, Arghavan Goudarzi, Babak Safaei
Archives of Computational Methods in Engineering.2026;[Epub] CrossRef
Study of microstructural evolution and solid-solution strengthening in a Fe₅₂₋ₓNi₂₆TiₓCr₁₈Cu₄ (x = 1–2 at%) complex concentrated alloy: computational simulation and experimental validation
Manuel Cabrera, Diego Suazo, Javiera Contreras-Cerón, Carlos Campos, Sergio Sauceda, Nicolás Canales, Cristóbal Montalba, Angelo Oñate
The International Journal of Advanced Manufacturing Technology.2026;[Epub] CrossRef
Fabrication and Alloying Behavior of Ultra-Lightweight AlTiCrVMg High-Entropy Alloy via Al-Mg Mutual Solubility and Sintering Control
Eunhyo Song, Hansung Lee, Byungmin Ahn
Journal of Powder Materials.2025; 32(3): 254. CrossRef
Thermodynamic and Electronic Descriptor-Driven Machine Learning for Phase Prediction in High-Entropy Alloys: Experimental Validation
Nguyen Lam Khoa, Nguyen Duy Khanh, Hoang Thi Ngoc Quyen, Nguyen Thi Hoang, Oanh, Le Hong Thang, Nguyen Hoa Khiem, Nguyen Hoang Viet
Journal of Powder Materials.2025; 32(3): 191. CrossRef
Latest Advancements and Mechanistic Insights into High-Entropy Alloys: Design, Properties and Applications
Anthoula Poulia, Alexander E. Karantzalis
Materials.2025; 18(24): 5616. CrossRef

[English]
Epsilon Iron Oxide (ε-Fe₂O₃) as an Electromagnetic Functional Material: Properties, Synthesis, and Applications: Ji Hyeong Jeong, Hwan Hee Kim, Jung-Goo Lee, Youn-Kyoung Baek; J Powder Mater. 2024;31(6):465-479. Published online December 31, 2024; DOI: https://doi.org/10.4150/jpm.2024.00290

5,744 View
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3 Citations

Abstract PDF

Iron oxide (ε-Fe₂O₃) is emerging as a promising electromagnetic material due to its unique magnetic and electronic properties. This review focuses on the intrinsic properties of ε-Fe₂O₃, particularly its high coercivity, comparable to that of rare-earth magnets, which is attributed to its significant magnetic anisotropy. These properties render it highly suitable for applications in millimeter wave absorption and high-density magnetic storage media. Furthermore, its semiconducting behavior offers potential applications in photocatalytic hydrogen production. The review also explores various synthesis methods for fabricating ε-Fe₂O₃ as nanoparticles or thin films, emphasizing the optimization of purity and stability. By exploring and harnessing the properties of ε-Fe₂O₃, this study aims to contribute to the advancement of next-generation electromagnetic materials with potential applications in 6G wireless telecommunications, spintronics, high-density data storage, and energy technologies.

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A Comprehensive Review of GPR Data Analysis for Bridge Deck Evaluation: From Conventional Methods to Emerging Artificial Intelligence Approaches
Babak Enami Alamdari, Yu Tang, Danilo Erricolo, Lesley H. Sneed
Journal of Nondestructive Evaluation.2026;[Epub] CrossRef
Chemical Pressure Induced Strain Control of Magnetic Anisotropy in the Simple Perovskite ϵ-Fe2O3
Subir Roy, Gurleen K. Uppal, Alberto Acosta, Rachel Nickel, Charles A. Roberts, Johan van Lierop
Nano Letters.2026; 26(1): 34. CrossRef
Superparamagnetism of Baked Clays Containing Polymorphs of Iron Oxides: Experimental Study and Theoretical Modeling
Petr Kharitonskii, Andrei Krasilin, Nadezhda Belskaya, Svetlana Yanson, Nikita Bobrov, Andrey Ralin, Kamil Gareev, Nikita Zolotov, Dmitry Zaytsev, Elena Sergienko
Magnetochemistry.2025; 11(12): 103. CrossRef

Research Articles

[English]
Effect of Calcium Addition on the High-Temperature Recovery of Nd and Dy from Nd-Fe-B Scrap Using Mg-Based Extractants: Hyoseop Kim; J Powder Mater. 2024;31(6):493-499. Published online December 31, 2024; DOI: https://doi.org/10.4150/jpm.2024.00283

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Abstract PDF: This study investigated whether calcium (Ca) addition improved the recovery of neodymium (Nd) and dysprosium (Dy) from Nd-Fe-B magnet scrap using magnesium (Mg)-based liquid metal extraction (LME). Traditional LME processes are limited to temperatures up to 850 °C due to oxidation issues, reducing the efficiency of rare earth element (REE) recovery, especially for Dy. By adding 10 wt.% Ca to Mg and increasing the processing temperature to 1,000 °C, we achieved nearly 100% Nd and approximately 38% Dy recovery, compared to 91% and 28%, respectively, with pure Mg at 850 °C. However, excessive Ca addition (20 wt.%) decreased the recovery efficiency due to the formation of stable intermetallic compounds. These results highlight the critical role of Ca in optimizing REE recycling from Nd-Fe-B magnet scrap.

[English]
Hot-Cracking Behaviors in (CoNi)₈₅Mo₁₅ Medium-Entropy Alloys Manufactured via Powder Bed Fusion: Seungjin Nam, Heechan Jung, Haeum Park, Chahee Jung, Jeong Min Park, Hyoung Seop Kim, Seok Su Sohn; J Powder Mater. 2024;31(6):537-545. Published online December 31, 2024; DOI: https://doi.org/10.4150/jpm.2024.00262

2,305 View
33 Download
1 Citations

Abstract PDF

Additive manufacturing makes it possible to improve the mechanical properties of alloys through segregation engineering of specific alloying elements into the dislocation cell structure. In this study, we investigated the mechanical and microstructural characteristics of CoNi-based medium-entropy alloys (MEAs), including the refractory alloying element Mo with a large atomic radius, manufactured via laser-powder bed fusion (L-PBF). In an analysis of the printability depending on the processing parameters, we achieved a high compressive yield strength up to 653 MPa in L-PBF for (CoNi)85Mo15 MEAs. However, severe residual stress remained at high-angle grain boundaries, and a brittle µ phase was precipitated at Mo-segregated dislocation cells. These resulted in hot-cracking behaviors in (CoNi)85Mo15 MEAs during L-PBF. These findings highlight the need for further research to adjust the Mo content and processing techniques to mitigate cracking behaviors in L-PBF-manufactured (CoNi)85Mo15 MEAs.

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Effect of Support Structure on Residual Stress Distribution in Ti-6Al-4V Alloy Fabricated by Laser Powder Bed Fusion
Seungyeon Lee, Haeum Park, Min Jae Baek, Dong Jun Lee, Jae Wung Bae, Ji-Hun Yu, Jeong Min Park
Journal of Powder Materials.2025; 32(3): 244. CrossRef

[English]
A Parametric Study on the L-PBF Process of an AlSi10Mg Alloy for High-Speed Productivity of Automotive Prototype Parts: Yeonha Chang, Hyomoon Joo, Wanghyun Yong, Yeongcheol Jo, Seongjin Kim, Hanjae Kim, Yeon Woo Kim, Kyung Tae Kim, Jeong Min Park; J Powder Mater. 2024;31(5):390-398. Published online October 31, 2024; DOI: https://doi.org/10.4150/jpm.2024.00325

3,153 View
87 Download
5 Citations

Abstract PDF

The AlSi10Mg alloy has garnered significant attention for its application in laser powder bed fusion (L-PBF), due to its lightweight properties and good printability using L-PBF. However, the low production speed of the L-PBF process is the main bottleneck in the industrial commercialization of L-PBF AlSi10Mg alloy parts. Furthermore, while L-PBF AlSi10Mg alloy exhibits excellent mechanical properties, the properties are often over-specified compared to the target properties of parts traditionally fabricated by casting. To accelerate production speed in L-PBF, this study investigated the effects of process parameters on the build rate and mechanical properties of the AlSi10Mg alloy. Guidelines are proposed for high-speed additive manufacturing of the AlSi10Mg alloy for use in automotive parts. The results show a significant increase in the build rate, exceeding the conventional build rate by a factor of 3.6 times or more, while the L-PBF AlSi10Mg alloy met the specifications for automotive prototype parts. This strategy can be expected to offer significant cost advantages while maintaining acceptable mechanical properties of topology-optimized parts used in the automobile industry.

Citations

Citations to this article as recorded by

Data-Driven analysis relates mechanical properties to pore morphology in laser powder bed fusion
Jaemin Wang, Seungyeon Lee, Yeon Woo Kim, Kyung Tae Kim, Jeong Min Park, Dierk Raabe
Acta Materialia.2026; 304: 121751. CrossRef
Role of Si-decorated cell structure in cryogenic tensile behavior of additively manufactured AlSi10Mg alloy
Haeum Park, Jisung Yoo, Hyojin Hwang, Minsoo Jin, Yonghee Jo, Tae Jin Jang, Ji-Hun Yu, Seok Su Sohn, Jeong Min Park
Materials Science and Engineering: A.2026; 959: 150080. CrossRef
Microstructure, Magnetic Properties, and Performance of Fe-6.5Si Soft Magnetic Core Produced by Laser Powder Bed Fusion
Ji Sang Yoon, Yeon Woo Kim, Gyu Hyun Park, Youk Jin Kim, Sang Heon Lee, Jeong Seok Kim, Sung Ho Yu, Jeong Min Park
Journal of Powder Materials.2026; 33(3): 177. CrossRef
Lightweight Design of a Connecting Rod Using Lattice-Structure Parameter Optimisation: A Test Case for L-PBF
Michele Amicarelli, Michele Trovato, Paolo Cicconi
Machines.2025; 13(3): 171. CrossRef
Effect of Support Structure on Residual Stress Distribution in Ti-6Al-4V Alloy Fabricated by Laser Powder Bed Fusion
Seungyeon Lee, Haeum Park, Min Jae Baek, Dong Jun Lee, Jae Wung Bae, Ji-Hun Yu, Jeong Min Park
Journal of Powder Materials.2025; 32(3): 244. CrossRef

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