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[Korean]
The Manufacturing Process of Clean Ni-Cr-Co-Based Superalloy Powder Using a Plasma Rotating Electrode
Kyu-Sik Kim, Dae Woong Kim, Yeontae Kim, Jung Hyo Park
J Powder Mater. 2025;32(3):222-231.   Published online June 30, 2025
DOI: https://doi.org/10.4150/jpm.2025.00171
  • 220 View
  • 12 Download
AbstractAbstract PDF
Ni-based superalloys are widely used for critical components in aerospace, defense, industrial power generation systems, and other applications. Clean superalloy powders and manufacturing processes, such as compaction and hot isostatic pressing, are essential for producing superalloy discs used in turbine engines, which operate under cyclic rotating loads and high-temperature conditions. In this study, the plasma rotating electrode process (PREP), one of the most promising methods for producing clean metallic powders, is employed to fabricate Ni-based superalloy powders. PREP leads to a larger powder size and narrower distribution compared to powders produced by vacuum induction melt gas atomization. An important finding is that highly spheroidized powders almost free of satellites, fractured, and deformed particles can be obtained by PREP, with significantly low oxygen content (approximately 50 ppm). Additionally, large grain size and surface inclusions should be further controlled during the PREP process to produce high-quality powder metallurgy parts.
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[Korean]
Development of Aluminum Alloys for Additive Manufacturing Using Machine Learning
Sungbin An, Juyeon Han, Seoyeon Jeon, Dowon Kim, Jae Bok Seol, Hyunjoo Choi
J Powder Mater. 2025;32(3):202-211.   Published online June 30, 2025
DOI: https://doi.org/10.4150/jpm.2025.00150
  • 246 View
  • 19 Download
AbstractAbstract PDF
The present study introduces a machine learning approach for designing new aluminum alloys tailored for directed energy deposition additive manufacturing, achieving an optimal balance between hardness and conductivity. Utilizing a comprehensive database of powder compositions, process parameters, and material properties, predictive models—including an artificial neural network and a gradient boosting regression model, were developed. Additionally, a variational autoencoder was employed to model input data distributions and generate novel process data for aluminum-based powders. The similarity between the generated data and the experimental data was evaluated using K-nearest neighbor classification and t-distributed stochastic neighbor embedding, with accuracy and the F1-score as metrics. The results demonstrated a close alignment, with nearly 90% accuracy, in numerical metrics and data distribution patterns. This work highlights the potential of machine learning to extend beyond multi-property prediction, enabling the generation of innovative process data for material design.
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[English]
Effect of the Cross-rolling Process on the Microstructures and Mechanical Properties of 9Cr-1W ODS Steel
Bu-An Kim, Sanghoon Noh
J Powder Mater. 2025;32(1):37-42.   Published online February 28, 2025
DOI: https://doi.org/10.4150/jpm.2024.00332
  • 439 View
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AbstractAbstract PDF
This study employed a cross-rolling process to fabricate oxide dispersion strengthened (ODS) steel plates and investigated their microstructures and mechanical properties. The 9Cr-1W ODS ferritic steel was fabricated using mechanical alloying and hot isostatic pressing. The hot cross-rolling process produced thick ODS ferritic steel plates with a well-extended rectangular shape. The working direction greatly affected the grain structure and crystal texture of the ODS ferritic steel. Cross-rolled plates showed fine micro-grains with random crystal orientation, while unidirectionally rolled plates exhibited a strong orientation with larger, elongated grains. Transmission electron microscopy revealed a uniform distribution of nano-oxide particles in both rolling methods, with no major differences. Tensile tests of the ODS ferritic steel plates showed that the unidirectional rolled plates had anisotropic elongation, while cross-rolled plates exhibited isotropic behavior with uniform elongation. Cross-rolling produced finer, more uniform grains, reducing anisotropy and improving mechanical properties, making it ideal for manufacturing wide ODS steel components.
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[English]
Effect of Calcium Addition on the High-Temperature Recovery of Nd and Dy from Nd-Fe-B Scrap Using Mg-Based Extractants
Hyoseop Kim
J Powder Mater. 2024;31(6):493-499.   Published online December 31, 2024
DOI: https://doi.org/10.4150/jpm.2024.00283
  • 644 View
  • 14 Download
AbstractAbstract PDF
This study investigated whether calcium (Ca) addition improved the recovery of neodymium (Nd) and dysprosium (Dy) from Nd-Fe-B magnet scrap using magnesium (Mg)-based liquid metal extraction (LME). Traditional LME processes are limited to temperatures up to 850 °C due to oxidation issues, reducing the efficiency of rare earth element (REE) recovery, especially for Dy. By adding 10 wt.% Ca to Mg and increasing the processing temperature to 1,000 °C, we achieved nearly 100% Nd and approximately 38% Dy recovery, compared to 91% and 28%, respectively, with pure Mg at 850 °C. However, excessive Ca addition (20 wt.%) decreased the recovery efficiency due to the formation of stable intermetallic compounds. These results highlight the critical role of Ca in optimizing REE recycling from Nd-Fe-B magnet scrap.
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[English]
A Parametric Study on the L-PBF Process of an AlSi10Mg Alloy for High-Speed Productivity of Automotive Prototype Parts
Yeonha Chang, Hyomoon Joo, Wanghyun Yong, Yeongcheol Jo, Seongjin Kim, Hanjae Kim, Yeon Woo Kim, Kyung Tae Kim, Jeong Min Park
J Powder Mater. 2024;31(5):390-398.   Published online October 31, 2024
DOI: https://doi.org/10.4150/jpm.2024.00325
  • 907 View
  • 33 Download
  • 2 Citations
AbstractAbstract PDF
The AlSi10Mg alloy has garnered significant attention for its application in laser powder bed fusion (L-PBF), due to its lightweight properties and good printability using L-PBF. However, the low production speed of the L-PBF process is the main bottleneck in the industrial commercialization of L-PBF AlSi10Mg alloy parts. Furthermore, while L-PBF AlSi10Mg alloy exhibits excellent mechanical properties, the properties are often over-specified compared to the target properties of parts traditionally fabricated by casting. To accelerate production speed in L-PBF, this study investigated the effects of process parameters on the build rate and mechanical properties of the AlSi10Mg alloy. Guidelines are proposed for high-speed additive manufacturing of the AlSi10Mg alloy for use in automotive parts. The results show a significant increase in the build rate, exceeding the conventional build rate by a factor of 3.6 times or more, while the L-PBF AlSi10Mg alloy met the specifications for automotive prototype parts. This strategy can be expected to offer significant cost advantages while maintaining acceptable mechanical properties of topology-optimized parts used in the automobile industry.

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  • Lightweight Design of a Connecting Rod Using Lattice-Structure Parameter Optimisation: A Test Case for L-PBF
    Michele Amicarelli, Michele Trovato, Paolo Cicconi
    Machines.2025; 13(3): 171.     CrossRef
  • Effect of Support Structure on Residual Stress Distribution in Ti-6Al-4V Alloy Fabricated by Laser Powder Bed Fusion
    Seungyeon Lee, Haeum Park, Min Jae Baek, Dong Jun Lee, Jae Wung Bae, Ji-Hun Yu, Jeong Min Park
    Journal of Powder Materials.2025; 32(3): 244.     CrossRef
Critical Review
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[English]
Comparative Review of the Microstructural and Mechanical Properties of Ti-6Al-4V Fabricated via Wrought and Powder Metallurgy Processes
Raj Narayan Hajra, Gargi Roy, An Seong Min, Hyunseok Lee, Jeoung Han Kim
J Powder Mater. 2024;31(5):365-373.   Published online October 31, 2024
DOI: https://doi.org/10.4150/jpm.2024.00213
  • 924 View
  • 38 Download
  • 2 Citations
AbstractAbstract PDF
This review examines the microstructural and mechanical properties of a Ti-6Al-4V alloy produced by wrought processing and powder metallurgy (PM), specifically laser powder bed fusion (LPBF) and hot isostatic pressing. Wrought methods, such as forging and rolling, create equiaxed alpha (α) and beta (β) grain structures with balanced properties, which are ideal for fatigue resistance. In contrast, PM methods, particularly LPBF, often yield a martensitic α′ structure with high microhardness, enabling complex geometries but requiring post-processing to improve its properties and reduce stress. The study evaluated the effects of processing parameters on grain size, phase distribution, and material characteristics, guiding the choice of fabrication techniques for optimizing Ti-6Al-4V performance in aerospace, biomedical, and automotive applications. The analysis emphasizes tailored processing to meet advanced engineering demands.

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  • Removal of Organic and Inorganic Contaminants from Titanium Turning Scrap via Alkali and Acid Two-Step Cleaning
    Seong Min An, Raj Narayan Hajra, Chan Hee Park, Jin-Ho Yoon, Jinsung Rho, Chang-Min Yoon, Jeoung Han Kim
    MATERIALS TRANSACTIONS.2025; 66(7): 855.     CrossRef
  • Effect of oxygen content in feedstock powders on microstructure and mechanical properties of ELI Ti-6Al-4V fabricated via laser powder bed fusion
    Woo Hyeok Kim, Sang Woo Kim, Raj Narayan Hajra, Gargi Roy, Jeoung Han Kim
    Powder Metallurgy.2025; 68(4): 307.     CrossRef
Research Articles
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[English]
Data-driven Approach to Explore the Contribution of Process Parameters for Laser Powder Bed Fusion of a Ti-6Al-4V Alloy
Jeong Min Park, Jaimyun Jung, Seungyeon Lee, Haeum Park, Yeon Woo Kim, Ji-Hun Yu
J Powder Mater. 2024;31(2):137-145.   Published online April 30, 2024
DOI: https://doi.org/10.4150/jpm.2024.00038
  • 1,999 View
  • 71 Download
  • 1 Citations
AbstractAbstract PDF
In order to predict the process window of laser powder bed fusion (LPBF) for printing metallic components, the calculation of volumetric energy density (VED) has been widely calculated for controlling process parameters. However, because it is assumed that the process parameters contribute equally to heat input, the VED still has limitation for predicting the process window of LPBF-processed materials. In this study, an explainable machine learning (xML) approach was adopted to predict and understand the contribution of each process parameter to defect evolution in Ti alloys in the LPBF process. Various ML models were trained, and the Shapley additive explanation method was adopted to quantify the importance of each process parameter. This study can offer effective guidelines for fine-tuning process parameters to fabricate high-quality products using LPBF.

Citations

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  • Effect of Support Structure on Residual Stress Distribution in Ti-6Al-4V Alloy Fabricated by Laser Powder Bed Fusion
    Seungyeon Lee, Haeum Park, Min Jae Baek, Dong Jun Lee, Jae Wung Bae, Ji-Hun Yu, Jeong Min Park
    Journal of Powder Materials.2025; 32(3): 244.     CrossRef
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[Korean]
Fabrication of Bi2Te2.5Se0.5 by Combining Oxide-reduction and Compressive-forming Process and Its Thermoelectric Properties
Young Soo Lim, Gil-Geun Lee
J Powder Mater. 2024;31(1):50-56.   Published online February 28, 2024
DOI: https://doi.org/10.4150/KPMI.2024.31.1.50
  • 746 View
  • 19 Download
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[Korean]
Fabrication and Sintering Behavior Analysis of Molybdenum-tungsten Nanopowders by Pechini Process
Suyeon Kim, Taehyun Kwon, Seulgi Kim, Dongju Lee
J Powder Mater. 2023;30(5):436-441.   Published online October 1, 2023
DOI: https://doi.org/10.4150/KPMI.2023.30.5.436
  • 412 View
  • 6 Download
AbstractAbstract PDF

Molybdenum-tungsten (Mo-W) alloy sputtering targets are widely utilized in fields like electronics, nanotechnology, sensors, and as gate electrodes for TFT-LCDs, owing to their superior properties such as hightemperature stability, low thermal expansion coefficient, electrical conductivity, and corrosion resistance. To achieve optimal performance in application, these targets’ purity, relative density, and grain size of these targets must be carefully controlled. We utilized nanopowders, prepared via the Pechini method, to obtain uniform and fine powders, then carried out spark plasma sintering (SPS) to densify these powders. Our studies revealed that the sintered compacts made from these nanopowders exhibited outstanding features, such as a high relative density of more than 99%, consistent grain size of 3.43 μm, and shape, absence of preferred orientation.

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[Korean]
Analysis of the Effects of Process Variables and Alloy Composition on the Relative density and Mechanical Properties of 3D Printed Aluminum Alloys
Suwon Park, Jiyoon Yeo, Songyun Han, Hyunjoo Choi
J Powder Mater. 2023;30(3):223-232.   Published online June 1, 2023
DOI: https://doi.org/10.4150/KPMI.2023.30.3.223
  • 986 View
  • 14 Download
  • 1 Citations
AbstractAbstract PDF

Metal additive manufacturing (AM) has transformed conventional manufacturing processes by offering unprecedented opportunities for design innovation, reduced lead times, and cost-effective production. Aluminum alloy, a material used in metal 3D printing, is a representative lightweight structural material known for its high specific strength and corrosion resistance. Consequently, there is an increasing demand for 3D printed aluminum alloy components across industries, including aerospace, transportation, and consumer goods. To meet this demand, research on alloys and process conditions that satisfy the specific requirement of each industry is necessary. However, 3D printing processes exhibit different behaviors of alloy elements owing to rapid thermal dynamics, making it challenging to predict the microstructure and properties. In this study, we gathered published data on the relationship between alloy composition, processing conditions, and properties. Furthermore, we conducted a sensitivity analysis on the effects of the process variables on the density and hardness of aluminum alloys used in additive manufacturing.

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  • Effect of Heat Treatment on Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of Al–Zn–Mg–Cu–Si Sintered Alloys with and Without High-energy Ball Milling
    Junho Lee, Seonghyun Park, Sang-Hwa Lee, Seung Bae Son, Seok-Jae Lee, Jae-Gil Jung
    journal of Korean Powder Metallurgy Institute.2023; 30(6): 470.     CrossRef
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[Korean]
A Study on Rinsing Effects of Sn Sensitization and Pd Activation Processes for Uniform Electroless Plating
Seong-Jae Jeong, Mi-Se Chang, Jae-Won Jeong, Sang-Sun Yang, Young-Tae Kwon
J Powder Mater. 2022;29(6):511-516.   Published online December 1, 2022
DOI: https://doi.org/10.4150/KPMI.2022.29.6.511
  • 912 View
  • 8 Download
AbstractAbstract PDF

Electroless plating is widely utilized in engineering for the metallization of insulator substrates, including polymers, glass, and ceramics, without the need for the application of external potential. Homogeneous nucleation of metals requires the presence of Sn-Pd catalysts, which significantly reduce the activation energy of deposition. Therefore, rinsing conducted during Sn sensitization and Pd activation is a key variable for the formation of a uniform seed layer without the lack or excess of catalysts. Herein, we report the optimized rinsing process for the functionalization of Sn-Pd catalysts, which enables the uniform FeCo metallization of the glass fibers. Rinsing enables good deposition of the FeCo alloy because of the removal of excess catalysts from the glass fiber. Concurrently, excessive rinsing results in a complete removal of the Sn–Pd nucleus. Collectively, the comprehensive study of the proposed nanomaterial preparation and surface science show that the metallization of insulators is a promising technology for electronics, solar cells, catalysts, and mechanical parts.

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[English]
Optimization of VIGA Process Parameters for Power Characteristics of Fe-Si-Al-P Soft Magnetic Alloy using Machine Learning
Sung-Min Kim, Eun-Ji Cha, Do-Hun Kwon, Sung-Uk Hong, Yeon-Joo Lee, Seok-Jae Lee, Kee-Ahn Lee, Hwi-Jun Kim
J Powder Mater. 2022;29(6):459-467.   Published online December 1, 2022
DOI: https://doi.org/10.4150/KPMI.2022.29.6.459
  • 409 View
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AbstractAbstract PDF

Soft magnetic powder materials are used throughout industries such as motors and power converters. When manufacturing Fe-based soft magnetic composites, the size and shape of the soft magnetic powder and the microstructure in the powder are closely related to the magnetic properties. In this study, Fe-Si-Al-P alloy powders were manufactured using various manufacturing process parameter sets, and the process parameters of the vacuum induction melt gas atomization process were set as melt temperature, atomization gas pressure, and gas flow rate. Process variable data that records are converted into 6 types of data for each powder recovery section. Process variable data that recorded minute changes were converted into 6 types of data and used as input variables. As output variables, a total of 6 types were designated by measuring the particle size, flowability, apparent density, and sphericity of the manufactured powders according to the process variable conditions. The sensitivity of the input and output variables was analyzed through the Pearson correlation coefficient, and a total of 6 powder characteristics were analyzed by artificial neural network model. The prediction results were compared with the results through linear regression analysis and response surface methodology, respectively.

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[Korean]
Comparison of Properties with Different Sintering Process of 3Y-TZP/WC Composites
Min-Soo Nam, Jae-Hyung Choi, Sahn Nahm, Seongwon Kim
J Powder Mater. 2022;29(5):424-431.   Published online October 1, 2022
DOI: https://doi.org/10.4150/KPMI.2022.29.5.424
  • 509 View
  • 3 Download
  • 1 Citations
AbstractAbstract PDF

3Y-TZP ceramics obtained by doping 3 mol.% of Y2O3 to ZrO2 to stabilize the phase transition are widely used in the engineering ceramic industry due to their excellent mechanical properties such as high strength, fracture toughness, and wear resistance. An additional increase in mechanical properties is possible by manufacturing a composite in which a high-hardness material such as oxide or carbide is added to the 3Y-TZP matrix. In this study, composite powder was prepared by dispersing a designated percentage of WC in the 3Y-TZP matrix, and the results were compared after manufacturing the composite using the different processes of spark plasma sintering and HP. The difference between the densification behavior and porosity with the process mechanism was investigated. The correlation between the process conditions and phase formation was examined based on the crystalline phase formation behavior. Changes to the microstructure according to the process conditions were compared using field-emission scanning electron microscopy. The toughness-strengthening mechanism of the composite with densification and phase formation was also investigated.

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  • Phase Formation and Mechanical Property of YSZ‒30 vol.% WC Composite Ceramics Fabricated by Hot Pressing
    Jin-Kwon Kim, Jae-Hyeong Choi, Nahm Sahn, Sung-Soo Ryu, Seongwon Kim
    journal of Korean Powder Metallurgy Institute.2023; 30(5): 409.     CrossRef
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[Korean]
Effect of Process Stopping and Restarting on the Microstructure and Local Property of 316L Stainless Steel Manufactured by Selective Laser Melting Process
Hyunjin Joo, Jeongmin Woo, Yongho Sohn, Kee-Ahn Lee
J Powder Mater. 2022;29(1):1-7.   Published online February 1, 2022
DOI: https://doi.org/10.4150/KPMI.2022.29.1.1
  • 445 View
  • 6 Download
  • 2 Citations
AbstractAbstract PDF

This study investigates the effect of process stopping and restarting on the microstructure and local nanoindentation properties of 316L stainless steel manufactured via selective laser melting (SLM). We find that stopping the SLM process midway, exposing the substrate to air having an oxygen concentration of 22% or more for 12 h, and subsequently restarting the process, makes little difference to the density of the restarted area (~ 99.8%) as compared to the previously melted area of the substrate below. While the microstructure and pore distribution near the stop/restart area changes, this modified process does not induce the development of unusual features, such as an inhomogeneous microstructure or irregular pore distribution in the substrate. An analysis of the stiffness and hardness values of the nano-indented steel also reveals very little change at the joint of the stop/restart area. Further, we discuss the possible and effective follow-up actions of stopping and subsequently restarting the SLM process.

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  • On the Fabrication of Functionally Graded Prototypes with Laser Powder Bed Fusion from Reused Ni-625 and 17-4 PH Stainless Steel Powder
    Bharat Kalia, Rupinder Singh, B. S. Pabla
    Journal of Materials Engineering and Performance.2025;[Epub]     CrossRef
  • Additive Manufacturing of SS316L/IN718 Bimetallic Structure via Laser Powder Bed Fusion
    Asif Mahmud, Nicolas Ayers, Thinh Huynh, Yongho Sohn
    Materials.2023; 16(19): 6527.     CrossRef
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[Korean]
Additive Manufacturing Optimization of Directed Energy Deposition-Processed Ti-6Al-4V Alloy using Energy Density and Powder Deposition Density
Yukyeong Lee, Eun Sung Kim, Se-Ho Chun, Jae Bok Seol, Hyokyung Sung, Jung Seok Oh, Hyoung Seop Kim, Taekyung Lee, Tae-Hyun Nam, Jung Gi Kim
J Korean Powder Metall Inst. 2021;28(6):491-496.   Published online December 1, 2021
DOI: https://doi.org/10.4150/KPMI.2021.28.6.491
  • 389 View
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  • 1 Citations
AbstractAbstract PDF

The process optimization of directed energy deposition (DED) has become imperative in the manufacture of reliable products. However, an energy-density-based approach without a sufficient powder feed rate hinders the attainment of an appropriate processing window for DED-processed materials. Optimizing the processing of DEDprocessed Ti-6Al- 4V alloys using energy per unit area (Eeff) and powder deposition density (PDDeff) as parameters helps overcome this problem in the present work. The experimental results show a lack of fusion, complete melting, and overmelting regions, which can be differentiated using energy per unit mass as a measure. Moreover, the optimized processing window (Eeff = 44~47 J/mm2 and PDDeff = 0.002~0.0025 g/mm2) is located within the complete melting region. This result shows that the Eeff and PDDeff-based processing optimization methodology is effective for estimating the properties of DED-processed materials.

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  • Cryogenic Tensile Behavior of Ferrous Medium-entropy Alloy Additively Manufactured by Laser Powder Bed Fusion
    Seungyeon Lee, Kyung Tae Kim, Ji-Hun Yu, Hyoung Seop Kim, Jae Wung Bae, Jeong Min Park
    journal of Korean Powder Metallurgy Institute.2024; 31(1): 8.     CrossRef

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